Far East Asian Martial Arts

Welcome to our guide to Far East Asian Martial Arts.  From Shaolin temple Kung Fu to the Ninja of Japan and Filipino blades and batons to traditional Mongolian wrestling. It’s all here.

Introduction

Far East Asian Martial Arts refer to a wide variety of combat practices originating from the Asian continent, including countries such as Japan, China, India, Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, and more. These styles are diverse and vary greatly in their techniques, philosophy, and training methods.  

• Kung Fu (Chinese martial arts): a broad range of fighting styles originating from China that can incorporate fluid movements, acrobatics, and quick, powerful strikes.
• Japanese martial arts: a diverse group of combat practices originating from Japan, which includes various styles such as Judo, Kendo, Aikido, Karate, and more.
• Taekwondo (Korean martial art): a striking martial art that emphasizes high, fast kicks and jumping/spinning techniques.
• Ninjutsu (Japanese martial art):  a traditional Japanese martial art and espionage system that focuses on unconventional warfare, espionage, and guerrilla tactics used by the ninja.
• Muay Thai (Thai martial art):
  a martial art and combat sport from Thailand known for its high-intensity striking techniques using fists, elbows, knees, and shins.

These styles can often be characterized by a strong emphasis on physical and mental discipline, as well as personal development, self-defense, and competition.

Table of Contents

Chinese Fighting Systems

China has a long history of martial arts traditions that includes hundreds of different styles. Over the past two thousand years, many distinctive styles have been developed, each with its own set of techniques and ideas. 

There are also common themes to the different styles, which are often classified by families or schools. There are styles that mimic movements from animals and others that gather inspiration from various Chinese philosophies, myths and legends. Some styles put most of their focus into the harnessing of qi (chi), while others concentrate on competition.

Shaolin Kung Fu originated from the Buddhist Temple in Henan province, China. It is one of the oldest and most well-known styles of Kung Fu.  Its techniques are based on the movements and principles of Chinese animal styles.

Chinese martial arts can be split into various categories to differentiate them (for example, external and internal styles).  They can also be categorized by location, as in northern and southern as well, referring to what part of China the styles originated from.  This is determined by whether they originated north or south of the Yangtze River (longest river in China).  Chinese martial arts may even be classified according to their province or city.  The main perceived difference between northern and southern styles is that the northern styles tend to emphasize fast and powerful kicks, high jumps and generally fluid and rapid movement, while the southern styles focus more on strong arm and hand techniques, and stable, immovable stances and fast footwork.

The martial arts of China often incorporate fluid movements, acrobatics, and quick, powerful strikes, as well as an emphasis on physical and mental discipline, internal energy cultivation, and spiritual development. They are practiced for various reasons, including self-defense, physical fitness, health, personal development, and competition. Chinese Martial Arts are often categorised as being ‘Kung Fu’ or ‘Wushu’, what’s the difference you ask?

Kung Fu

Kung Fu* is a traditional Chinese martial art that has been practiced for centuries. It encompasses a wide range of techniques and styles, including hand-to-hand combat, weapons training, and acrobatics. Kung Fu practitioners focus on developing flexibility, power, and speed to defend themselves and defeat opponents. Modern Kung Fu is a broad term that can encompass a variety of styles and practices, and the specific components may vary depending on the particular school or style. However, some of the common components of modern Kung Fu may include.

• Basics: Kung Fu basics involve fundamental movements, techniques, and stances that are used in Kung Fu training.
• Forms: Kung Fu is full of pre-arranged sequences of movements and techniques that are routinely practised. Forms are an essential part of Kung Fu training, and they are often used to develop fluidity, strength, balance, and coordination.
• Sparring: Sparring is an important part of Kung Fu training as it allows practitioners to apply their techniques in a realistic combat situation.
• Self-defense techniques: Kung Fu includes a variety of self-defence techniques, including strikes, locks, throws, and joint manipulations.
• Weapon training: Many Kung Fu styles include training with traditional Chinese weapons such as swords, staffs, and spears.
• Conditioning exercises: Kung Fu training often includes exercises to build strength, endurance, and flexibility, such as callisthenics, plyometrics, and stretching.
• Meditation and Qi Gong: Many Kung Fu styles also include meditation and Qi Gong (breathing exercises) as a way to develop mental focus, relaxation, and internal energy.
• Philosophy and culture: Kung Fu is deeply rooted in Chinese culture and philosophy, and many Kung Fu styles emphasize the values of discipline, respect, humility, and self-improvement.

The term ‘Kung Fu’ covers a broad spectrum of applications for martial arts training, embracing cultural, self defence applications, internal energy and even a form of light exercise for the elderly in China.

Wushu

Wushu** is a modern Chinese martial art that has evolved from traditional Kung Fu. It is a highly competitive sport that emphasizes fluid movements and acrobatics, as well as traditional techniques. Wushu is often performed in competitive events or demonstrations and requires a high level of physical ability and technical skill.

Wushu can be broken down into two main categories: Sanda and Taolu.

• Taolu – is a Chinese term used in Wushu to refer to the form or routine aspect of the sport. It involves the performance of specific movements and techniques that are choreographed into a routine set to music. Taolu routines are judged based on technical proficiency, presentation, and artistic expression. Competitors are expected to perform their routine with precision, control, and grace, demonstrating their mastery of the techniques and movements involved. Taolu is considered one of the core components of Wushu and is a critical part of the sport’s competitive aspect.
• Sanda – is a full-contact sport that is part of the larger discipline of Wushu. It combines traditional Kung Fu techniques with modern boxing and wrestling techniques to create a highly competitive and physically demanding sport. Sanda involves striking and grappling techniques, and competitors fight using punches, kicks, throws, and takedowns. The aim of the sport is to score points by landing strikes or taking an opponent down, and the winner is the person with the most points at the end of the match. Sanda is a highly competitive sport that requires a high level of physical ability and technical skill, and it is practised all over the world.

Wushu can be categorised into Taolu (practice of forms – similar to Japanese ‘Kata’ in Karate) and Sanda/Sanshou (full contact sparring).

The Kung Fu vs Wushu confusion

Still unsure of what is ‘Kung Fu’ and what is ‘Wushu’?

• Both Kung fu and Wushu are terms that have been used to describe Chinese martial arts.
• Wushu literally means ‘martial arts’ whereas Kung fu means ‘skills achieved with time and effort’.
• Kung Fu is a term used to describe a wide range of Chinese martial arts practices that have developed over centuries. Kung Fu is deeply rooted in Chinese history, culture, and philosophy and encompasses a broad range of techniques, styles, and training methods.
• Kung fu became more popular in the West because of the efforts of Bruce Lee who popularized the term by playing the role of protagonist helping weak people using his Kung fu.
• Wushu, on the other hand, is a modern competitive sport that originated in China in the 1950s. Wushu is a standardized and more modernized form of Chinese martial arts, which includes elements of traditional Kung Fu as well as elements from other Chinese martial arts styles. Wushu competitions involve choreographed forms (taolu) and sparring (sanda) matches.
• Since 1950, the Chinese authorities have been using the blanket phrase Wushu rather than Kung fu when organizing events to promote Chinese martial arts.
• There are both traditional forms (Taolu) as well as contemporary forms of Wushu with the modern contact sport of Wushu (Sanda) being a part of the contemporary Wushu.
• The term Kung fu is more popular than Wushu in the West.
• So, while there is some overlap between Kung Fu and Wushu, they are not exactly the same thing. Kung Fu encompasses a much broader range of techniques, styles, and philosophies, whereas Wushu is a more standardized and modernized form of Chinese martial arts designed for competitive sports.

Shaolin Kung Fu

Shaolin Kung Fu is a traditional Chinese martial art that originated in the Shaolin Temple in Henan province, China. It is one of the oldest and most well-known styles of Kung Fu, with a history that dates back over 1,500 years.  Its techniques are based on the movements and principles of Chinese animal styles. Shaolin Kung Fu is characterized by its diverse array of techniques, which include striking, kicking, grappling, joint locking, and throwing. It emphasizes the use of the entire body in combat, with practitioners trained to deliver powerful blows and execute acrobatic maneuvers with speed and precision.

The famous Shaolin Temple in the Henan province of China. Henan province is revered as the historical, spiritual and cultural epicenter of Kung Fu.

One of the unique aspects of Shaolin Kung Fu is its focus on the development of the mind, body, and spirit in harmony. Practitioners are taught to cultivate a strong sense of discipline, focus, and inner peace through meditation and other spiritual practices.  Today, Shaolin Kung Fu is practiced by millions of people around the world and has become a popular form of martial arts training. It has also influenced a wide range of other martial arts styles and has had a significant impact on popular culture, appearing in films, television shows, and video games.

Baguazhang

Baguazhang – also known as “Eight Trigrams Palm,” is a Chinese martial art that is known for its circular movements and fluidity. It is based on the theory of the Bagua or “Eight Trigrams” of the I Ching, which is an ancient Chinese divination system. Baguazhang emphasizes the use of footwork, body positioning, and continuously flowing movements to evade and redirect an opponent’s attacks.  Practitioners use a variety of techniques, including strikes, kicks, joint locks, throws, and pressure point attacks. The art also emphasizes the use of internal energy (known as “Qi” or “Chi”) to enhance the power and effectiveness of techniques. Baguazhang training typically involves solo circle walking exercises, partner drills, and sparring. The martial art has a rich history and lineage, with many different styles and variations that have been developed over time. It is often associated with Daoist philosophy and has been studied by martial artists, acupuncturists, and practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine for its health benefits and connection to internal energy.

Tai Chi Chuan

Tai chi chuan – often simply referred to as Tai Chi, is a Chinese martial art that originated in the 17th century. It is a form of “internal” martial arts, which emphasizes the cultivation of internal energy, or “qi”, for both physical and mental health benefits. Tai Chi Chuan is characterized by slow, graceful movements that are coordinated with deep breathing and mental focus. The movements are performed in a continuous, flowing manner, and are typically divided into a series of forms or routines. There are many different styles of Tai Chi Chuan, each with its own unique movements, but all share a common emphasis on relaxation, balance, and harmony. 

Tai Chi is characterized by slow and gentle movements that promote physical and mental relaxation, balance and coordination.

Tai Chi Chuan is often practised as a form of meditation or as a low-impact exercise for health and wellness. It has been shown to have numerous benefits, including improving balance and flexibility, reducing stress and anxiety, and improving cardiovascular health. Additionally, Tai Chi Chuan can be practiced by people of all ages and fitness levels and can be adapted for those with physical limitations or disabilities.

Bajiquan

Bajiquan – (Chinese: 八極拳) is a Chinese martial art that originated in the Hebei province of China.  The martial art’s full name is Kaimen Ba Ji Quan (Chinese: 開門八極拳 – translation. ‘open-gate eight-extremities fist’).  This refers to the emphasis on powerful and explosive movements that utilize the full range of the body’s potential.  Bajiquan is known for its direct, aggressive, and fast-paced fighting style, which emphasizes close-range combat. The martial art is also notable for its use of “short power” techniques, which involve explosive bursts of energy generated from close range. (It is famous for its elbow and shoulder strikes). It also utilizes a combination of strikes, kicks, joint locks, throws, and sweeps.  In addition to its practical self-defence applications, Bajiquan also emphasizes the development of internal power and a strong mind-body connection. The practice includes exercises such as Qigong, meditation, and breathing techniques to improve overall health and well-being.  Overall, Bajiquan is a highly effective and dynamic martial art that focuses on developing powerful and efficient techniques for self-defence, as well as promoting physical and mental wellness.

Wing Chun

Wing Chun – (Chinese “詠春”) is a Chinese martial art that emphasizes close-range combat and quick, efficient movements. It is known for its practicality and effectiveness in self-defence situations and has gained popularity worldwide through its depiction in movies and popular culture.  The origins of Wing Chun can be traced back to the Shaolin Temple in southern China, where it is believed to have been developed by a Buddhist nun named Ng Mui. The system was later refined and passed down through a series of renowned practitioners, including Yip Man, who brought the art to Hong Kong in the early 20th century.  

Wing Chun emphasises close range combat, rapid strikes, and simultaneous attack and defence.

Wing Chun places great emphasis on sensitivity, speed, and timing, and uses techniques such as simultaneous attack and defence, trapping, and low kicks to disable opponents quickly. Its signature techniques include the “sticky hands” drill, which develops sensitivity and reflexes, and the “chain punch,” which allows for rapid and continuous strikes.  Wing Chun is often characterized by its unique stance, known as the “centerline theory,” which involves keeping the body and arms aligned along the centerline of the opponent to maximize efficiency and minimize openings for attack.  Today, Wing Chun is practised by martial artists around the world and has been adapted to suit a range of styles and preferences. It continues to be an important part of Chinese martial arts culture and remains a popular choice for those seeking practical self-defence skills.

Shuai Jiao

Shuai Jiao – also known as Chinese Wrestling, is a traditional Chinese martial art and sport that emphasizes grappling and throws. The term “Shuai Jiao” literally translates to “throwing and wrestling”, which gives a good idea of what the art involves.  Shuai Jiao has a long history, dating back to the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE), and it has been used as a form of military training and sport for centuries. Although originally developed as a means of combat for soldiers and warriors, over time it has evolved into a competitive sport and a popular form of exercise.  Shuai Jiao practitioners use throws, trips, and joint locks to take down and subdue opponents. 

Shuai Jiao, a contender for the title of ‘first martial art’ given its ancient history.  This fighting art is heavy on the grappling with throws, takedowns and much wrestling.

It is a physically demanding sport that requires a high level of strength, agility, and technique.  Techniques include shoulder throws, hip throws, sweeps, and leg trips. Unlike some other martial arts, Shuai Jiao places a strong emphasis on standing grappling, as opposed to ground fighting.  Shuai Jiao is often practised with a partner and involves both offensive and defensive maneuvers. It requires a combination of strength, balance, timing, and technique.  Shuai Jiao is widely practiced in China and other countries, and it is also a competitive sport with various regional and national championships.

Xingyi/Xingyiquan

An internal style, striking and grappling system that emphasizes the use of power generated from the entire body. Xingyiquan is a traditional Chinese martial art and is one of the three major internal styles of Chinese martial arts, along with Tai Chi Chuan and Baguazhang. Also known as “Form-Intention Fist,” Xingyiquan is based on the principles of the Five Elements and the philosophy of the Yi Jing (Book of Changes). The Five Elements refer to the movements and techniques of the martial art that are based on the Wu Xing, or Five Phases theory, which consists of Metal, Water, Wood, Fire, and Earth. Each of these elements corresponds to specific movements and techniques in Xingyiquan. The practice of Xingyiquan involves using quick, powerful, and direct linear movements to strike, kick, and throw opponents. It emphasizes the use of explosive force and a deep understanding of the body’s mechanics and energy channels. The art also includes practices such as Qigong, standing meditation, and circle walking to develop strength, flexibility, and internal power. Xingyi practitioners focus on developing strength, speed, and explosiveness, as well as improving their ability to read and respond to an opponent’s movements.

Other Kung Fu styles

Too many to name. Literally, go into the hundreds. However, here are some of the more popular styles. Praying Mantis Kung Fu. White Crane Kung Fu. Hung Gar Kung Fu. Choy Li Fut. Five Animals Kung Fu. Dragon Style Kung Fu. Monkey Style Kung Fu. Drunken Fist Kung Fu. Iron Palm Kung Fu. Northern Shaolin Kung Fu. Southern Shaolin Kung Fu. Eagle Claw Kung Fu.

There are hundreds, maybe thousands of Kung Fu styles and sub-styles that have developed in China over the centuries.

Indonesian Martial Arts

Indonesian martial arts refer to a variety of traditional fighting styles originating from Indonesia, including Silat, Pencak Silat, and Keris. These styles are characterized by quick and powerful strikes, grappling, and the use of weapons, such as knives, sticks, and other bladed instruments. Indonesian martial arts emphasize fluidity, speed, and agility, and they often incorporate movements inspired by animals and nature. They are typically practiced for self-defense, physical fitness, cultural preservation, and competition.

Pencak Silat combines elements of striking, grappling, and weapons techniques with fluid movements and transitions between techniques, and deceptive movements.

Pencak Silat

Pencak silat – is a traditional Indonesian martial art that combines elements of striking, grappling, and weapons techniques. It has a long history in Indonesia, dating back to the 14th century, and it is widely considered one of the most comprehensive and effective fighting styles in the world. Pencak Silat emphasizes fluid movements and fluid transitions between techniques, as well as the use of deceptive movements and the ability to adapt to changing situations. It is a physically demanding style that requires a high level of strength, agility, and technical skill, and it is widely practiced and respected in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. Pencak Silat is not only used for self-defense and combat, but it is also seen as an important part of Indonesian culture and tradition, and it is often performed in cultural events and demonstrations.

Tarung Derajat

Tarung Derajat – is an Indonesian full-contact martial art that originated in the city of Bandung, West Java. It was created in the 1970s by Hermawan Susanto as a hybrid of various martial arts, including Silat, Karate, and Judo. Tarung Derajat is known for its aggressive and fast-paced fighting style, which emphasizes strikes, grappling, and throws. The sport is contested in a circular ring, and matches are won by knocking an opponent down, submitting an opponent, or forcing an opponent out of the ring. Tarung Derajat is widely practiced in Indonesia, and it is also a popular form of martial arts competition. It is known for its high level of physical intensity and dynamic movements, making it a challenging and demanding sport for competitors.

Japanese Martial Arts

Japanese martial arts refer to a diverse group of combat practices originating from Japan, which includes various styles such as Judo, Kendo, Aikido, Karate, and more. These martial arts emphasize traditional techniques, such as striking, grappling, throwing, and weapon usage, as well as mental and spiritual development. They have a strong focus on discipline, respect, and the principles of Bushido (the way of the warrior). Japanese martial arts are commonly practiced for self-defense, physical fitness, personal development, and competition.

Contemporary Japanese fighting systems

Judo

Judo – is a modern Japanese martial art that was developed in the late 19th century by Jigoro Kano. It is a grappling-based martial art that emphasizes using an opponent’s strength and momentum against them, rather than relying on brute force.  Judo techniques primarily involve throws, joint locks, and chokes, with an emphasis on controlling an opponent’s balance and positioning. Practitioners wear a uniform called a “judogi,” which consists of a jacket, pants, and a belt.  In addition to its use as a self-defense system, Judo is also practiced as a sport and is included in the Olympic Games. Competitive Judo involves scoring points for throws and pins, with matches typically lasting several minutes.  Judo is also known for its emphasis on personal development and the cultivation of mental and physical discipline. Practitioners of Judo are encouraged to develop a strong sense of respect for their opponents and for themselves, and to strive for continual improvement in their technique and character.

Judo, despite being widely known as a martial art and Olympic sport, was originally developed by Jigoro Kano in Japan as a physical education system focused on self-improvement and moral development.

Jujutsu

Jujutsu, also spelled as Jiu-jitsu or Ju-jitsu, is a Japanese martial art that focuses on using an opponent’s strength and momentum against them. It is a form of close combat that utilizes joint locks, throws, and grappling techniques to immobilize or subdue an opponent.  Jujutsu is believed to have originated in feudal Japan as a means for unarmed warriors to defend themselves against armed opponents. Over time, it evolved into a system of combat that was practiced by samurai and other members of the warrior class.  The techniques of Jujutsu rely on an understanding of the body’s natural movements and vulnerabilities, as well as on precise timing and control. Practitioners of Jujutsu learn to use their opponent’s own force and momentum to neutralize attacks, and to apply joint locks and throws to subdue or immobilize them. Today, Jujutsu is practiced in many countries around the world, and it has evolved into various styles and schools, each with its own particular techniques and training methods. It is also often incorporated into mixed martial arts competitions, where its grappling techniques can be highly effective.

Japanese Jujutsu influenced the development of modern Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, as it was brought to Brazil by Mitsuyo Maeda, a student of Jujutsu, who later became a mentor to Carlos Gracie, a founder of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Other martial arts it influenced include Judo, Aikido, Russian Sambo and MMA.  It also played a part in the development of hand-to-hand combat systems used by Western military forces, such as the U.S. Marine Corps Martial Arts Program and the British military’s Defendu.

Karate

Karate is a martial art that originated in Okinawa, Japan in the late 19th century. It is a striking-based martial art that emphasizes kicks, punches, knee and elbow strikes, and open-handed techniques.  Karate practitioners develop physical and mental discipline through rigorous training, which includes practicing kata (pre-arranged forms of techniques), sparring, and various conditioning exercises. The art is known for its powerful and explosive techniques, as well as its emphasis on proper breathing and posture.  Karate has many styles and schools, including Shotokan, Goju-ryu, Shito-ryu, and Wado-ryu, among others. Each style has its own unique techniques and training methods, but all share a common goal of developing physical strength, mental focus, and self-defense skills.  Karate has become a popular martial art around the world, with millions of practitioners in over 190 countries. It is recognized as an Olympic sport and has a strong competitive component, with tournaments held at local, national, and international levels. However, many practitioners also view karate as a way of life, and seek to develop their character and spirit through their training.

Karate was developed in Okinawa as a result of historical circumstances, including weapon restrictions and the influence of Chinese martial arts. With limitations on weapon possession, the people of Okinawa turned to unarmed combat for self-defense. The trade and cultural exchange with China brought the influence of Chinese martial arts, which merged with indigenous Okinawan techniques. The term “karate” originates from two Japanese kanji characters: “kara” (空), meaning “empty,” and “te” (手), meaning “hand.”

Kendo

Kendo – is a traditional Japanese martial art that focuses on swordsmanship. The name “kendo” literally means “the way of the sword” in Japanese. It is derived from the samurai sword-fighting techniques that were practiced in feudal Japan.  In Kendo, practitioners wear protective armor, called “bogu,” which includes a helmet, chest protector, gloves, and a skirt-like lower body protector. They also use a bamboo sword, called a “shinai,” to strike their opponent’s armor in an effort to score points.  Kendo emphasizes discipline, focus, and respect for one’s opponent. It is also designed to develop physical fitness, as it requires quick reflexes, balance, and coordination. In addition to sparring, Kendo training includes drills to develop footwork, posture, and sword technique. Today, Kendo is practiced all over the world and is considered one of the most popular martial arts in Japan. It is also recognized as an official sport by the International Olympic Committee and has been included in various international competitions. Kendo is often seen as a way to promote traditional Japanese culture and values, as well as a means of personal development and self-improvement.

Kendo evolved from the practice of kenjutsu, the traditional Japanese swordsmanship, into a modern sport emphasizing discipline, respect, and the development of one’s character.

Aikido

Aikido – is a Japanese martial art that was developed in the early 20th century by Morihei Ueshiba, also known as O-Sensei. It is a non-competitive martial art that focuses on using an opponent’s energy and movements against them, rather than relying on brute force or aggression.  Aikido techniques include throws, joint locks, and pins, which are designed to neutralize an attacker without causing them harm. The goal of Aikido is not to defeat an opponent, but to resolve a conflict peacefully and effectively.  Aikido practitioners train to develop physical coordination, balance, and flexibility, as well as mental focus and awareness. Aikido emphasizes the importance of “blending” with an attacker’s movements and intentions, rather than resisting or opposing them.  Today, Aikido is practised by people of all ages and abilities around the world. It is often considered a form of self-defence, as well as a way to cultivate personal growth and spiritual development. Many Aikido practitioners also participate in competitions and demonstrations to showcase their skills and promote the art to a wider audience.

Aikido emphasizes blending with an opponent’s movements and redirecting their energy rather than relying on direct confrontation or aggression. It focuses on harmonious and efficient techniques that utilize joint locks, throws, and pins to neutralize and subdue attackers while minimizing harm.

Sumo

Sumo wrestling is a traditional Japanese sport that dates back over 2,000 years. It is a form of full-contact wrestling that is characterized by its unique rules, techniques, and culture. The origins of sumo wrestling are rooted in Shinto religious practices, and it is believed to have been performed as part of religious ceremonies and rituals. Over time, sumo wrestling evolved into a popular sport that was practiced by warriors and later by professional wrestlers.

Sumo has six main wrestling styles, and wrestlers undergo rigorous physical and mental training in specialized training centers called stables. Physical training involves building strength, endurance, and flexibility through exercises such as weightlifting, running, and calisthenics. Wrestlers (called Rikishi) also practice specific sumo techniques, such as shiko, which is a leg-strengthening exercise that involves stomping and lifting one’s legs. Mental conditioning is also an important part of sumo training, as wrestlers must develop the focus, discipline, and determination necessary to succeed in the sport.

Sumo showdown. Only one will get to be the Yokozuna (Grand Champion).

Sumo tournaments, or ‘basho,’ are held six times a year in Japan and are attended by thousands of spectators. Wrestlers compete in a round-robin format, and the winner is determined by the wrestler with the most wins at the end of the tournament. The winner is given the name ‘Yokozuna’ (Grand Champion).

The sport is a highly respected and revered sport in Japan, and it continues to be an important part of the country’s cultural heritage.

Ninjutsu (Shinobi-jutsu)

Shinobijutsu is a Japanese martial art that specializes in the skills and techniques of the Ninja (see below). It is more commonly known as “Ninjutsu.” This art was developed by ninja warriors in ancient Japan as a way to carry out covert operations, such as espionage and sabotage. Shinobijutsu involves the use of weapons such as shuriken (throwing stars), kusarigama (sickle and chain), and other weapons, as well as stealth and mobility techniques. The art of Shinobijutsu also includes the use of disguise, diversion, and deception, making it a highly versatile and adaptable discipline. Today, Shinobijutsu is practiced as a form of self-defense and a way to preserve Japanese cultural heritage. (see below for more on the Ninja).

On the Ninja...

Shinobijutsu (aka Ninjutsu, Japanese - 忍術) is a traditional Japanese martial art that was practiced by the ninja. Ninjutsu is actually a modern term, the correct terminology is Shinobijutsu (the way of stealth). A practitioner of Shinobijutsu was known as a ‘Shinobi’ (those who act in stealth). Shinobi were groups of covert agents who served feudal lords during the feudal era in Japan. It utilised means of collecting data and methods of avoiding detection and the art and trickery of misdirection. Shinobi-jutsu was the martial strategies and tactics of unconventional warfare, guerrilla warfare and espionage purportedly practised by the shinobi. The practice included various physical and mental techniques such as disguise, weapons training, survival skills, stealth, methods of concealment, espionage, sabotage, assassination, military science and escaping capture. Most shinobi were spies, but some were trained in combat methods from various disciplines trained separate disciplines such as martial arts (taijutsu), shurikenjutsu, kenjutsu, sōjutsu, bōjutsu and numerous others. Most of the Shinobi came from persecuted clans in the Iga and Koga provinces of Japan. They were oppressed due to their Buddhist beliefs. This led to periods of guerrilla warfare with Daimyos and even the Shoguns at those times in those areas. Eventually the shinobi scattered and began to use their skills for various lords and Shoguns. Shogun Togugawa Ieyasu was one such shogun to utilise their skills. Sadly, many of the modern martial arts organisations that claim to train in Ninjutsu, have inaccurate historical lineages. , and their historical lineage is proved to be inaccurate. The Bujinkan Togakure-ryū school claims to be the oldest recorded form of ninjutsu, and claims to have survived past the 16th century. This has apparently proven to be false. To find a legitimate Ninja school out there, you might have to dig deep.

The romantic image of the Ninja (left) as stealthy, super martial artist that operated only at night. Real ‘Ninja’ known as ‘Shinobi’ were medieval equivalent of modern intelligence agents, operating undercover, usually in disguise as farmers, musicians, monks, merchants and so on.  Their job was to gather intelligence undetected for their masters.

Bushido related (traditional) systems from Samurai era.

The Samurai, the warrior class from feudal Japan. Famed for their skills on the battlefield with all manner of weaponry especially with the lethal long sword (Katana).  They dressed immaculately whether at court or in their lacquered armour on the battlefield.  They were also known for their resolute acceptance of death and a code of honour (Bushido – the Way of the Warrior) that they were bound to follow.

Kenjutsu

Kenjutsu is a traditional Japanese martial art focussing on swordsmanship. It originated during the Heian period (794-1185) and was developed to train samurai warriors in the use of the katana (a curved, single-edged sword with a long grip). Various schools (Ryū) of Kenjutsu emerged, each with unique styles and philosophies. These schools often passed down their knowledge through strict master-student lineages and were influenced by the prevailing historical and social contexts. Some well-known kenjutsu schools include Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū, Ittō-ryū, Yagyū Shinkage-ryū, and Niten Ichi-ryū (founded by the famous swordsman Miyamoto Musashi).

In the early stages, kenjutsu techniques were primarily focused on dueling and individual combat scenarios, with an emphasis on precision, speed, and efficient use of energy.

Over the centuries, Kenjutsu training evolved and became more refined, encompassing a wide array of techniques such as striking, parrying, thrusting, and footwork. Students learn not only the physical aspects of swordsmanship but also develop mental discipline, focus, and a deep understanding of timing and distance. In addition to the katana, other weapons like the wakizashi (a shorter sword) and the tachi (a longer sword) are also sometimes incorporated into kenjutsu training.

Kenjutsu emphasizes the integration of mind, sword, and body and aims to achieve a state of *‘Mushin’ (No-mind). While its practical application has diminished, it is still practiced as a traditional art form and a means of personal development. Many modern Japanese martial arts trace their roots back to kenjutsu.

Kenjutsu developed from duelling Samurai schools (Ryu).  Today practitioners use the wooden sword (bokken) for practice as opposed to the naked blade of the Samurai Katana.  

*Mushin, or “no-mind,” is a mental state pursued in kenjutsu, the Japanese swordsmanship. It represents a state of clear and focused mind, free from conscious thought and distractions. In Mushin, the practitioner acts instinctively and effortlessly, guided by intuition and heightened awareness. It requires years of practice and meditation to achieve, allowing the practitioner to perceive and respond to their opponent with optimal timing and precision. Mushin is a state of harmonious unity between mind, body, and technique, sought after in various Japanese martial arts.

Kyudo

Kyudo is a Japanese form of archery that emphasizes discipline, concentration, and spiritual development. It is a non-competitive sport that is highly regarded for its cultural and historical significance.

Kyudo embodies discipline, precision, and spiritual focus, emphasizing the harmonious connection between the archer, bow, and target.

Kyudo emphasizes harmony and unity between the archer and the bow. It has its roots in ancient warfare and is influenced by Zen Buddhism. The archer uses a long asymmetrical bow called a yumi and bamboo arrows. Kyudo focuses on correct form and technique, with deliberate and controlled movements. Etiquette and rituals play an important role, and archers follow a strict code of conduct. Kyudo is considered a moving meditation, aiming for a calm and focused mind. Competitions are less common, and rankings measure progress and skill. Overall, kyudo is a holistic practice that cultivates self-discipline, mental focus, and personal growth.

Tessenjutsu

Tessenjutsu is a Japanese martial art that specializes in the use of a tessen, or a metal fan, as a weapon. It is said to have originated from a military art used by samurai in ancient Japan. The tessen is made of metal and can be used for striking, parrying, and blocking attacks, as well as for deflecting arrows. Today, tessenjutsu is practiced as a form of self-defense and a way to preserve Japanese cultural heritage.

Shurikenjutsu

Shurikenjutsu is the Japanese martial art of throwing shuriken (aka ninja stars). It involves the use of various techniques to throw shuriken accurately and effectively, and can also involve the use of other small weapons such as senban (blades) and kunai (daggers).

Shurikenjutsu was used by feudal Japanese warriors (Samurai and Ninja in particular) as a way to attack from a distance or as a distraction in combat.  Shuriken were designed to be easily concealed and quickly thrown at an opponent to disrupt or disable them. While shuriken were primarily used for throwing, they could also be used for stabbing or slashing in close combat.

The deadly shuriken, used as a distraction to gain the advantage on an opponent.  Shinobi (aka Ninja) reportedly used them to help them escape when being pursued.  They also would coat them in poison or animal faeces to infect their enemies.

Different types of shuriken exist, including the most commonly recognized star-shaped varieties.  There are also other shapes such as spikes, needles, and boomerang-like designs. Each type of shuriken requires different throwing techniques and trajectories.

Shurikenjutsu requires precise hand-eye coordination and concentration. While not widely practiced today, some martial arts schools and enthusiasts still study and practice shurikenjutsu for historical preservation or as part of their overall training.

Bushido - The Way of the Warrior

Bushido, meaning "the way of the warrior," is a traditional code of ethics followed by samurai warriors in feudal Japan. It encompasses a set of moral values and principles that emphasized loyalty, honor, courage, integrity, respect, self-control, and benevolence. Bushido shaped the conduct and mindset of samurai, promoting a strong sense of duty, self-discipline, and the pursuit of martial excellence. It influenced various aspects of samurai life, including their training, etiquette, and service to their lords. While the practice of Bushido diminished with the decline of the samurai class, its ideals continue to hold cultural significance and are admired for their emphasis on honor and personal growth. In many ways Bushido draws parallels with Chivalry (the code of conduct followed by medieval knights). Both share similarities in their emphasis on honor, loyalty, courage, and a strong sense of duty.

Iaido

Iaido is a traditional Japanese martial art that focuses on the drawing and cutting of a sword in a single, swift motion.  The art was developed in feudal Japan alongside Kenjutsu as a way of quickly defeating opponents in sword duels and defending against sudden attacks. Over time, Iaido evolved into a martial art that focuses on refining one’s technique, developing inner discipline, and cultivating a sense of harmony with one’s surroundings.

Iaido is known as the “the way of mental presence and immediate reaction” or “the art of drawing the sword.”

Iaido (aka Iaijutsu) was used in feudal duelling to win decisively with a single drawing of the sword and killing stroke.

The practice of Iaido emphasizes mindfulness, control, and the development of a calm and focused mind.  Practitioners perform prescribed kata (forms) to simulate combat situations, emphasizing precision and control. Iaido develops mental focus, discipline, and a sense of harmony. It is not a competitive sport but a personal journey of self-improvement. Iaido is practiced worldwide, promoting mindfulness, concentration, and self-understanding.

Sojutsu

Sojutsu also known as Yari-jutsu, is a Japanese martial art that specializes in the use of the yari, a type of spear. It was widely used by the samurai class in feudal Japan as a weapon for close combat and battlefield use. The yari was used to penetrate armor and was also considered a symbol of status and power. Sojutsu techniques involve various forms of thrusting, parrying, and grappling with the yari. Today, Sojutsu is mainly practiced for sport, for preservation of cultural heritage, and for personal self-defense training.

Naginatajutsu

Naginatajutsu is a Japanese martial art that specializes in the use of the naginata, a traditional Japanese weapon consisting of a curved blade on a long wooden shaft. It was primarily used by samurai women in ancient Japan as a defensive weapon and is now practiced as a form of martial arts and cultural heritage. The training involves the use of various techniques such as strikes, thrusts, parries, and footwork. Naginatajutsu is known for its graceful movements and fluidity and is considered one of the most elegant forms of Japanese martial arts.

Naginata was traditionally utilized by women in Japanese martial arts history, serving as a weapon of choice for female warriors and exemplifying their combat capabilities and contributions. Warrior nuns in Japan, known as “Sohei,” were known to utilize the naginata as a weapon in their martial training and battles, demonstrating their martial prowess and active participation in warfare.

Bojutsu

Bojutsu is a Japanese martial art that specializes in the use of the bo, a long wooden staff, as a weapon. The bo is typically six feet long and is used for strikes, blocks, parries, and thrusts. Bojutsu has its roots in the battlefield and was used by samurai warriors to defend themselves against other weapons such as swords and spears. Today, bojutsu is practiced as a form of self-defense, as well as for physical fitness, spiritual development, and cultural preservation. The bo is considered to be one of the original weapons of the samurai and is still used in many traditional Japanese martial arts.

The Bo (longstaff), here used to keep a sword opponent at bay.

Okinawan Kobudo

Okinawan Kobudo is a traditional Okinawan martial art that focuses on the use of weapons such as the Bo staff, Sai, Tonfa, Nunchaku, and others. It is an ancient form of self-defense that has been passed down from generation to generation in Okinawa, Japan. Okinawan Kobudo incorporates movements and techniques from Okinawan karate and other indigenous Okinawan martial arts. It is a system of combat that emphasizes the use of weapons as an extension of the body, combining fluid, circular movements with quick strikes and blocks. Today, Okinawan kobudo is practiced by martial artists around the world as a way to preserve and promote traditional Okinawan culture and heritage.

From left to right to below (the sai, the tonfa, the kama and the bo).  Other Okinawan weapons include the famous Nunchaku.

Kusarigamajutsu

Kusarigamajutsu is a Japanese martial art that specializes in the use of the kusarigama, a weapon consisting of a sickle attached to a chain. The weapon was traditionally used by farmers for agricultural purposes, but was also used by samurai as a weapon for close combat and for grappling techniques. Kusarigamajutsu emphasizes the use of the chain for entangling an opponent and the sickle for striking and cutting. Today, kusarigamajutsu is primarily practiced as a form of self-defense and as a way to preserve Japanese cultural heritage.

The Kusarigama.  A simple farming tool turned into a deadly weapon.  The chain and weight was used as a whip to disorient the opponent or snare their weapons hand/s or legs.  The kusarigama user could then close in to do damage with the sickle.

The Musha-Shugyo - The Warriors Quest

Musha Shugyo, in Japanese martial arts, represents a significant aspect of a warrior's journey or pilgrimage for self-improvement and spiritual growth. It involves undertaking a dedicated and often arduous quest to seek knowledge, enhance martial skills, and cultivate inner development. During Musha Shugyo, a warrior would embark on a journey, traveling to different dojos (training halls) or martial arts schools, seeking instruction and training under various masters. This pilgrimage allowed them to learn from different perspectives, styles, and techniques, expanding their martial repertoire and understanding. The purpose of Musha Shugyo extends beyond physical training. It is also an opportunity for the warrior to challenge themselves mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. The demanding nature of the journey and the encounters with different teachers and training environments offer opportunities for self-reflection, discipline, and personal growth. Musha Shugyo often involved living a humble and austere lifestyle during the pilgrimage. Warriors would undergo rigorous training routines, endure physical hardships, and immerse themselves in the martial arts community. This immersion allowed for the development of character, discipline, resilience, and a deepening of the warrior spirit. The experiences gained during Musha Shugyo were highly valued, not only for the advancement of martial skills but also for the refinement of one's character and the acquisition of wisdom. It was believed that through the challenges and experiences encountered on the journey, a warrior would attain a greater understanding of themselves, their art, and their place in the world. Musha Shugyo holds historical and cultural significance in Japanese martial arts, reflecting the dedication, perseverance, and continuous quest for improvement that were highly esteemed qualities among warriors. While the traditional practice of Musha Shugyo may have evolved or diminished in modern times, its principles and ideals continue to inspire martial artists seeking personal growth and mastery in their respective disciplines.

Bajutsu

Bajutsu is a Japanese martial art that specializes in horseback riding and horsemanship. It is also known as “horseback archery” and “warrior riding.” This art was developed by samurai in ancient Japan as a way to improve their mobility and combat skills while on horseback. Bajutsu involves riding a horse at full speed while shooting arrows at targets, as well as using a horse to charge into battle. The art of bajutsu is considered to be a highly skilled and dangerous discipline, requiring mastery of both horseback riding and archery. Today, it is practiced as a cultural and traditional art, and is demonstrated at festivals and other events in Japan.

Korean Martial Arts

Korean martial arts refer to a diverse group of combat practices originating from Korea, including styles such as Taekwondo, Hapkido, Kumdo, and more. These styles often incorporate powerful kicks, strikes, joint locks, throws, and pressure point techniques. Some Korean martial arts also incorporate the use of weapons, such as swords, staffs, and knives. Korean martial arts place a strong emphasis on physical conditioning, mental discipline, and respect, and they are commonly practiced for self-defense, physical fitness, personal development, and competition.

Taekkyon

Taekkyon is a traditional Korean martial art that emphasizes fluid, fluid movements and footwork. It is often considered one of the oldest forms of Korean martial arts, and is believed to have originated in the Goguryeo Kingdom (37 BC-668 AD). Taekkyon is known for its focus on low, agile movements and evasive techniques, which allow practitioners to dodge and evade attacks from their opponents.  The art of Taekkyon involves using footwork to control the center of the fighting space and manipulate the opponent’s balance. It also incorporates hand movements and strikes, but the focus is primarily on fluid footwork and quick, evasive movements. Taekkyon is also known for its circular movements and acrobatic jumps, which are used to evade or attack an opponent. Today, Taekkyon is considered an important aspect of Korean cultural heritage and is practiced by martial arts enthusiasts and preservationists.

Taekkyon utilizes a wide variety of techniques including kicks, hands, knee, elbow strikes, pressure point attacks, throws, joint locks, headbutt and grapples.

Taekwondo

Taekwondo is a Korean martial art that emphasizes kicking and striking techniques. It is one of the most popular and widely practiced martial arts in the world, with millions of practitioners in over 190 countries. The word “taekwondo” literally means “the way of the hand and foot.’  Taekwondo was developed in the 1940s and 1950s and combines elements of traditional Korean martial arts with elements of other martial arts, such as Karate. It is characterized by its emphasis on high, fast, and powerful kicks, and its use of blocks, punches, and strikes.  In addition to its physical aspects, Taekwondo also emphasizes mental and spiritual development, including discipline, respect, and perseverance. It is also considered a sport, with international competitions and a World Championships held annually. Today, Taekwondo is widely recognized as an Olympic sport and is included in the Summer Olympics.

Taekwondo – “the way of the hand and foot.’  Although it is a martial art more famous for its use of flashy high spinning kicks.

Hapkido

Hapkido is a Korean martial art that combines techniques from various traditional Korean arts, such as Daito-ryu Aikijujutsu and Judo, along with elements from Chinese martial arts. The word “hapkido” means “the way of coordinated power.” This martial art was developed in the early 20th century by Grandmaster Yong Sul Choi.  Hapkido emphasizes the use of joint locks, throws, and strikes to defend against an opponent’s attacks. It also places a strong emphasis on fluid movements and using an opponent’s momentum against them. In addition to physical techniques, hapkido also incorporates spiritual and philosophical elements, with a focus on developing inner peace and self-defense skills.  Today, hapkido is practiced as a form of self-defense and is popular throughout the world. It is considered one of the most comprehensive and versatile martial arts, combining elements of grappling, striking, and weapons training.

Hapkido – “the way of coordinated power.”

Tang Soo Do

Tang Soo Do is a Korean martial art that focuses on striking techniques, such as kicks, punches, and open-handed strikes. It also includes forms, self-defense techniques, sparring, and weapon training. The origins of Tang Soo Do can be traced back to ancient Korean martial arts, but the modern form of Tang Soo Do was developed in the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artist Hwang Kee. It was heavily influenced by Chinese martial arts, particularly the Northern Chinese martial arts of Tang Shou Tao and Shaolin Kung Fu.  Training in Tang Soo Do emphasizes discipline, respect, and the development of mental and physical strength. It is also known for its use of circular movements and the integration of breathing techniques with movement. Tang Soo Do has gained popularity around the world and is practiced by millions of people. It is recognized as a traditional martial art in Korea and has been featured in various films and television shows.

Tang Soo Do Moo Do Kwan (as it is now referred to) is actually two different entities complimenting each other – the art of Tang Soo Do and the style (or school) of Moo Do Kwan.  Korean martial arts were suppressed during WWII, this led to several schools (Kwans) being merged.  Grandmaster Hwang Kee developed both of these martial arts.

The Hwarang-Do

The martial arts of Korea have roots in warrior cultures such as the Hwarang-do. The Hwarang were a group of elite young men who trained in various martial arts and other skills, such as poetry and philosophy, in ancient Korea. They were originally organized in the Silla Dynasty (57 BC – 935 AD) and played a significant role in the unification of the Korean peninsula. The Hwarang-do practiced various martial arts, including swordsmanship, archery, and hand-to-hand combat, as part of their training. The techniques and principles of Hwarang-do were later incorporated into other Korean martial arts such as Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, and Hapkido. Korean martial arts also have influences from Chinese martial arts, as Korea has a long history of cultural exchange with China. However, the Hwarang-do and other Korean warrior cultures played an important role in the development of Korean martial arts, and their legacy continues to be celebrated and honored in modern Korean martial arts.

The Hwarang-do were an elite group of young warrior-scholars in ancient Korea who trained in martial arts, leadership, and the arts, and served as protectors of the kingdom.  They were known for their code of conduct, which emphasized loyalty, bravery, honor, and the pursuit of enlightenment.

Laos

Muay Lao

Muay Lao is a traditional martial art originating from Laos. It has similarities to the more widely known Muay Thai (Thailand) and Pradal Serey (Cambodia), with the key difference being the addition of certain indigenous techniques specific to Laos. It is a striking-based martial art that incorporates strikes, kicks, knee strikes, elbow strikes, and clinching techniques, as well as weapons training with weapons such as sticks and knives. Muay Lao is traditionally considered a form of self-defense and is also performed in sporting events and traditional festivals. Like many martial arts, Muay Lao also has cultural and spiritual elements, and fighters often perform a ritual dance before a match to pay respect to their ancestors and to seek blessings and protection.

Muay Lao – Laotian Kickboxing.

Malaysia

Silat Melayu

Silat Melayu is a form of traditional martial art originating from the Malay Archipelago, particularly the Malay Peninsula. It is characterized by fluid, graceful movements and a focus on practical self-defense techniques. The style incorporates strikes, kicks, grappling, and weapons use, and often involves the use of quick and powerful movements. Silat Melayu also incorporates spiritual and philosophical elements, and is considered to be more than just a physical practice, but also a way of life. Practitioners often aim to develop not only physical skills, but also mental and spiritual strength.

Silat Melayu – Malaysia’s deadly fighting art.

Mongolia

The traditional fighting arts of Mongolia stem back to the Mongol Empire when Chinggis (Sometimes called ‘Genghis’ in the west) Khan ruled most of Asia.  Traditional Mongolian fighting arts include (left to right) Mongolian wrestling; Archery (way of the bow; and Horseback combat.  Mongolians celebrate their combat arts (as well as other traditional arts at the Nadaam festival).

Mongolian Wrestling

Mongolian Wrestling – also known as Bokh, is a traditional style of wrestling that is indigenous to Mongolia. It is one of the oldest forms of wrestling in the world and is a national sport in Mongolia. Bokh is a grappling-style sport where the objective is to throw your opponent to the ground. The wrestler who throws his opponent the most times is declared the winner. Bokh wrestling is typically performed on a grassy field and wrestlers wear traditional Mongolian wrestling costumes known as “Zodog.” The sport is an important part of Mongolian culture and is often performed at festivals and events known as ‘Nadaam’.  Bokh wrestling is also considered a test of strength, skill, and endurance and is highly regarded by Mongolians as a symbol of their cultural heritage.

Bokh – Mongolian wrestling.

Mongolian Archery

Mongolian Archery – is performed with a specific type of bow which originated during the reign of Genghis Khan. It is a composite bow made of wood and an animal horn that re-curves at the tips. It was developed for its military effectiveness, strong but light and capable of shooting arrows long distances. There are different types of archery performed at festivals, which are named after different ethnic groups, such as the “buryat” and “khalkha.” The festivals involve shooting at targets for different distances. There is also an event where horseback riders shoot at leather balls on top of poles. The riders shoot one on approaching the target and another as they ride away from it.

Mongolian Archery.

Bajutsu

Bajutsu is the only Mongolian martial art conducted on horseback. Mongols have always been highly adept riders due to their nomadic heritage. Mongolia is the world’s second largest landlocked country and has a predominance of grassland plains. Horses have been the primary means of transport for centuries. Traditionally, Bajutsu is a holistic approach to horseback combat, including physical prowess (developed through horseback stunts), weapons skill and animal husbandry. Riders use a variety of weapons, bows and arrows, swords, pole arms to fight, with the emphasis being on balance and coordination. There is also a close-fighting hand-to-hand variation.

Bajutsu – Mongolian Horseback combat.

The Mongolian Nadaam Festival

The Mongolian Nadaam festival is an annual traditional event held in Mongolia, usually in July. It is a celebration of Mongolian culture and heritage, and it features three main competitions: wrestling, horse racing, and archery. Wrestling is considered the most prestigious event of the Nadaam festival. The wrestlers, dressed in traditional clothes, compete in a single-elimination tournament, with the winner being crowned the champion. Mongolian wrestling has its own unique rules, and the matches can last for several minutes. Horse racing is another important part of the Nadaam festival, with races being held over long distances, usually 15-30 kilometers. The horses are ridden by child jockeys, many of whom are as young as five years old. The race is considered a test of the endurance of both the horse and the rider, and it is a popular spectacle for visitors to the festival. Archery is the third main competition of the Nadaam festival. Archers, again dressed in traditional clothes, compete in a series of events that test their accuracy and skill. The targets used in the competition are small and difficult to hit, making it a challenging and exciting event to watch. In addition to these main competitions, the Nadaam festival also features cultural events such as music, dance, and traditional Mongolian food. The festival is an important part of Mongolian identity and is a major tourist attraction, drawing visitors from around the world.

The Mongolian Nadaam festival is a traditional annual event that showcases the “Three Manly Games” of wrestling, horse racing, and archery, celebrating Mongolian culture, athleticism, and nomadic heritage. The festival often includes cultural performances such as traditional dances, music, throat singing, and contortionist displays, creating a vibrant and diverse celebration of Mongolian arts and traditions.

Myanmar

Fighting styles from Myanmar, also known as Burma, include traditional martial arts such as Bando and Lethwei. These styles are known for their aggressive and often bare-knuckle approach, emphasizing strikes with the fists, elbows, knees, and feet, as well as grappling and throws. These martial arts also place a strong emphasis on physical conditioning, such as training with heavy bags, logs, and other forms of resistance. In Myanmar, these fighting styles have a long history and are often used for self-defense, physical fitness, and competition.

Thaing (Burmese: သိုင်း, pronounced [θáiɰ̃]) is a Burmese term used to classify the traditional martial systems of Myanmar.

Bando

Bando is a traditional Burmese martial art that combines elements of kickboxing, wrestling, and weapons training. It is believed to have originated over 1,000 years ago and was developed by Burmese warriors as a means of defending their kingdom. Bando is a striking-based martial art that utilizes various techniques such as punches, kicks, knee strikes, elbow strikes, and grappling.  In addition to unarmed combat, Bando also incorporates the use of weapons such as knives, sticks, and staffs. The art of Bando is known for its focus on power, speed, and agility, as well as its use of circular movements and fluid transitions between techniques.  Today, Bando is considered an important aspect of Burmese culture and is taught in various schools throughout Myanmar. It is also performed as a traditional dance in Myanmar, with the weapons being used for ceremonial purposes.

Banshay

Banshay is a traditional martial art from Myanmar (Burma) that utilizes various weapons such as sticks, staffs, and swords. It is considered to be one of the oldest and most revered martial arts in Myanmar, with a rich history dating back thousands of years.  Banshay is characterized by its use of fluid, circular movements and its focus on utilizing weapons in a defensive and offensive manner. It is known for its use of weapons such as the dha, a type of curved sword, and the hnè twè, a type of staff used for striking and blocking. The practice of Banshay also includes elements of dance and acrobatics, making it a unique and dynamic martial art.  Today, Banshay is still widely practiced in Myanmar and is considered an important part of the country’s cultural heritage. It is often performed as a form of entertainment during festivals and other traditional events, and is also taught as a form of self-defense and physical fitness.

The weapons styles and techniques of ancient Burma are kept alive in the art of Banshay.

Lethwei

Lethwei is a traditional Burmese martial art and combat sport that is also known as Burmese bare-knuckle boxing. It is a form of full-contact fighting that allows strikes with bare fists, feet, elbows, and knees. Lethwei has a rich cultural history in Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) and has been practiced for centuries.  Lethwei is unique in that it is one of the few martial arts that allows strikes to the head, making it a highly aggressive and physical sport. The goal of lethwei is to defeat the opponent by knockout, knockout with strikes, or forcing the opponent to give up.  Today, lethwei is gaining popularity both in Myanmar and internationally, and is considered a national sport in Myanmar. It is often used as a means of cultural preservation and is performed in traditional festivals and events in Myanmar.

The brutal art of Lethwei (aka Burmese Boxing) No gloves here, just hemp wraps.  Also, you wanna headbutt? That’s fine, completely legal in the art of 9 limbs!!

Naban

Naban is a traditional Burmese martial art that is known for its use of weapons, including swords, staffs, and shields. It is believed to have originated during the pre-colonial era in Myanmar and was used by warriors for self-defense and combat.  Naban is characterized by its fast, fluid movements and its emphasis on precise footwork, coordination, and balance. The art also includes techniques for grappling, joint locks, and throws, as well as the use of weapons such as the sword and staff.  Today, Naban is considered an important part of Myanmar’s cultural heritage and is still practiced in some regions of the country. It is also performed in traditional dance performances, with the weapons being used for ceremonial purposes. Naban has also gained popularity in other countries, including the United States and Europe, where it is taught as a form of self-defense and a way to preserve and promote Burmese culture.

Pongyi Thaing

Pongyi thaing is a Burmese martial art that focuses on the use of the staff or spear. It is also known as “Pongyi Kyun” or “Monk’s staff.” This martial art is said to have originated from the Buddhist monasteries of Myanmar (formerly known as Burma), where monks used the staff for self-defense. Pongyi thaing is characterized by its fluid movements and powerful strikes, with a focus on using the staff to defend oneself against multiple attackers. It is also known for its use of circular movements and fluid transitions from offense to defense. In addition to its combat applications, Pongyi thaing is also practiced as a form of exercise and physical fitness, as well as a way to preserve Burmese cultural heritage. Today, it is still practiced in Myanmar and is considered an important aspect of Burmese martial arts.

Cambodia

Bokator

Bokator is a traditional Cambodian martial art that is said to have been developed over a thousand years ago. It is considered to be one of the oldest and most comprehensive martial arts in Southeast Asia, with a rich cultural heritage. Bokator combines techniques from both striking and grappling styles and is known for its use of hand-to-hand combat, joint locks, throws, and ground fighting.  In addition to physical training, Bokator also places a strong emphasis on mental and spiritual development. It is considered to be a way of life and a way of preserving the cultural heritage of Cambodia. Bokator has undergone a revival in recent years, with schools and organizations being established to promote and preserve the art. Today, Bokator is considered to be a major part of Cambodian cultural identity and is practiced both for self-defense and as a means of preserving cultural heritage.

Bokator is an ancient battlefield martial art used by the ancient Khmer military. It is one of the oldest existing fighting systems originating from Cambodia. It incorporates unique animal-inspired techniques such as imitating the movements and behavior of animals like snakes, tigers, and monkeys.

Pradal Serey

Pradal Serey is a traditional Cambodian martial art that originated in the Angkor period (9th to 15th centuries). It is also known as Kun Khmer or Khmer kickboxing. Pradal Serey is a full-contact sport that utilizes strikes, kicks, and grappling techniques to defeat an opponent. It’s considered to be one of the most popular sports in Cambodia and is often referred to as the national sport.  This martial art is characterized by powerful kicks and fast, fluid movements. Pradal Serey also incorporates traditional Cambodian dance movements, making it a unique and aesthetically pleasing form of martial arts. Today, Pradal Serey is practiced as a means of self-defense, as well as a form of entertainment and cultural preservation. It is also a popular sport in Southeast Asia, with many international competitions being held in countries such as Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos.

Pradal Serey is considered the national sport of Cambodia and is often associated with Cambodian nationalism.

Notes on South East Asian Boxing

Lethwei, Muay Thai, and Pradal Serey are all combat sports that originated in Southeast Asia, but there are some key differences between them. Here are some of the major differences: Techniques: Lethwei, also known as Burmese bare-knuckle boxing, allows the use of headbutts, which are not permitted in Muay Thai or Pradal Serey. Muay Thai emphasizes the use of kicks and knees, while Pradal Serey emphasizes the use of elbows. Protective gear: Muay Thai and Pradal Serey fighters typically wear gloves, shin guards, and headgear for protection, while Lethwei fighters traditionally fight bare-knuckled and without any protective gear. Scoring: In Lethwei, fighters can win by knockout, technical knockout, or decision. Muay Thai and Pradal Serey both use a point system, with fighters being awarded points for strikes and knockdowns. Rules: Lethwei has fewer rules than Muay Thai or Pradal Serey, with fighters being allowed to clinch and grapple for longer periods of time. Muay Thai and Pradal Serey have strict rules about clinching and require fighters to break apart after a short period of time. Culture and traditions: Each martial art has its own unique cultural and traditional elements. For example, Muay Thai is deeply rooted in Thai culture and is often accompanied by traditional music and dance performances, while Pradal Serey is considered the national sport of Cambodia and is often associated with Cambodian nationalism. Overall, while Lethwei, Muay Thai, and Pradal Serey share some similarities, each martial art has its own distinct techniques, rules, and cultural elements that make it unique.

Philippines

Filipino Martial Arts (FMA)

The Filipino martial arts,  (FMA) also known as Arnis, Eskrima, and Kali, are a collection of ancient combat systems originating from the Philippines. These martial arts focus on the use of weapons, such as sticks, knives, and swords, as well as empty-handed techniques. FMA are unique because they are not based on a specific style or technique, but rather a collection of techniques and strategies passed down through generations of practitioners.  The origins of the FMA can be traced back to the ancient tribal warrior cultures of the Philippines. Throughout history, the martial arts were adapted and evolved to meet the changing needs of the people, resulting in a rich and diverse tradition. Today, the Filipino martial arts are widely recognized for their effectiveness and versatility, and are taught and practiced around the world.  In addition to their combat applications, the Filipino martial arts are also known for their spiritual and cultural significance, with many practitioners regarding the art as a way to connect with their ancestral roots and preserve their cultural heritage.

FMA – Filipino Martial Arts (Also known as Escrima/Arnis/Kali – All of these names are recognised and interchangeable). Involves seamless transitions between weapons and unarmed combat. 

Yaw-Yan

Yaw-Yan, aka Sayaw ng Kamatayan (English: Dance of Death), is a ‘hardstyle’ Filipino martial art developed by Napoleon A. Fernandez and based on older Filipino martial arts. It closely resembles Muay Thai, but differs in the hip-torquing motion as well as the downward-cutting nature of its kicks, and the emphasis on delivering attacks from long range (while Muay Thai focuses more on clinching). Since its inception in the 1970s, it has dominated the kickboxing scene in the Philippines and has proven very effective against other stand-up fighting arts.   Yaw-yan practitioners participate in various Filipino mixed-martial arts tournaments such as the Universal Reality Combat Championship and Fearless Fighting.

Yaw Yan is a ‘hardstyle’ Filipino kickboxing style known for its dynamic and versatile techniques, blending strikes, kicks, takedowns, and ground fighting techniques into a comprehensive and effective fighting system.

Thailand

Krabi–Krabong

Krabi–Krabong is a traditional Thai martial art that utilizes weapons such as swords, staffs, and clubs. The word “krabi” refers to the sword and “krabong” refers to the staff or club. The art of Krabi-krabong is believed to have originated in the Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351-1767) and was developed as a way for warriors to defend their kingdom and fight in battles.  This martial art is characterized by fast and fluid movements, with a focus on utilizing weapons to disarm an opponent. Krabi-krabong is also known for its use of circular movements and fluid transitions from offense to defense. Today, Krabi-krabong is considered an important aspect of Thai culture and is practiced for both physical and cultural preservation. It is also performed as a traditional dance in Thailand, with the weapons being used for ceremonial purposes.

Krabi Krabong is a traditional Thai martial art that focuses on weapon-based combat, utilizing a combination of swords, staffs, and other weapons in a fluid and intricate fighting system.

Lerdrit

Lerdrit is a Thai martial art that combines elements of both Muay Boran and Krabi-Krabong. It is a combat system that emphasizes the use of weapons such as swords, staffs, and daggers, as well as empty-hand techniques. Lerdrit was developed by the Thai military and is still taught to Thai soldiers today. It is a fast-paced and dynamic martial art that emphasizes fluidity and speed in weapon-based movements. The emphasis on weapons training makes Lerdrit a highly effective self-defense system, as well as a physically and mentally challenging workout. Today, Lerdrit is taught and practiced in martial arts schools in Thailand and around the world.

Lerdrit is a traditional Thai martial art known for its practical and efficient techniques, emphasizing close-quarters combat and self-defense skills.

Muay Boran

Muay Boran is an ancient martial art from Thailand, also known as “ancient boxing.” It is the precursor to modern Muay Thai, and is considered to be one of the oldest and most effective striking arts in the world. Muay Boran is characterized by its use of punches, kicks, elbow strikes, knee strikes, and grappling techniques, and it was traditionally used in warfare and self-defense. It is considered to be a highly aggressive and physically demanding martial art, and is still practiced today as a sport and for self-defense purposes. The techniques and strategies of Muay Boran have been passed down from generation to generation, and it remains an important part of Thai cultural heritage.

Muay Boran, a traditional Thai martial art, has a rich history rooted in ancient warfare and has evolved over centuries as a highly effective and versatile fighting system.

Muay Thai

Muay Thai is a striking-based martial art that uses punches, kicks, elbow strikes, and knee strikes, as well as clinching techniques. It is known for its power, speed, and emphasis on physical conditioning. It is a traditional Thai martial art and combat sport that originated in Thailand. It is often referred to as “the art of eight limbs” because it uses punches, kicks, elbows, and knee strikes to attack the opponent. Muay Thai is known for its fast-paced, powerful strikes and its emphasis on close-range combat. It is widely regarded as one of the most effective striking arts in the world. Muay Thai is widely popular in Thailand and is also practiced in many other countries around the world. The sport is also used for self-defense and as a form of exercise. Muay Thai competitions are held in rings and involve two fighters who compete for a set number of rounds. The ultimate goal is to strike the opponent and score points, with the fighter who scores the most points declared the winner.

Thai boxers throw bone crunching shin kicks.

Silat Pattani

Silat Pattani is a traditional martial art from the Pattani region in southern Thailand. It is considered one of the oldest and most authentic styles of silat, a generic term for Southeast Asian martial arts that originated in the Malay Archipelago. Silat Pattani is characterized by its fluid movements and grace, as well as its quick and powerful strikes. The techniques of Silat Pattani include strikes, kicks, throws, and joint locks, as well as weapons techniques such as the kerambit (a curved knife). Silat Pattani also has a spiritual aspect, as it is believed to have originated from the study of traditional Islamic dance. Today, Silat Pattani is still practiced in its native region, and is also taught in other parts of the world to those interested in preserving this cultural and martial heritage.

Vietnam

Vietnamese martial arts ‘Võ thuật Việt Nam.’ encompasses various forms of traditional martial arts that originated in Vietnam and are practiced both for self-defense and as a means of physical and mental training. These martial arts styles often incorporate striking techniques, grappling, weaponry, and principles of self-discipline. Some popular Vietnamese martial arts styles include Vovinam, Bình Định martial arts, and traditional Vietnamese wrestling known as Đấu Vật Cổ Truyền.

The martial arts of Vietnam have deep roots in the country’s history and culture. They developed as a means of self-defense, combat training for soldiers, and preserving Vietnamese identity and heritage.  They have been influenced by various sources, including indigenous fighting systems, Chinese martial arts (especially those from the southern regions of China), and other Southeast Asian martial arts traditions.

Like Chinese Kung Fu, there are simply too many styles to mention so this section will highlight some of the more well known. 

Vovinam

Vovinam is a Vietnamese martial art founded in 1938 by Grandmaster Nguyen Loc. It combines self-defense techniques, traditional Vietnamese martial arts, and influences from other disciplines (such as Chinese Kung Fu, Japanese Judo, and Boxing).  Vovinam promotes physical and mental well-being, emphasizing discipline, respect, and harmony.

Key aspects of Vovinam include its diverse techniques, such as striking, kicking, grappling, joint locks, throws, and weapon techniques. Training involves forms, drills, sparring, self-defense scenarios, and conditioning exercises. A belt system indicates the practitioner’s proficiency level, and competitions and demonstrations showcase skills in forms, sparring, and self-defense.

 Vovinam has gained international recognition, and the International Vovinam Federation (IVF) governs the sport, organizing international events. It is included in the Southeast Asian Games and the World Combat Games. Its popularity stems from its effectiveness for self-defense and its focus on discipline, character development, and physical fitness.

Vovinam is a Vietnamese martial art that encompasses a diverse range of techniques, including strikes, throws, grappling, and weapon usage, emphasizing self-defense, flexibility, and the development of physical and mental strength.

Võ Bình Định

Vo Binh Dinh is a martial art practiced in the south central coastal province of Binh Dinh, Vietnam. It encompasses over 100 different fighting systems developed by various lineages. These Martial arts are practiced in 11 counties within the Binh Dinh region, with styles dating back centuries. The origins of Vo Binh Dinh are uncertain but emerged during political instability in the 15th century. The art flourished during the Tay Son Dynasty and has four fundamental aspects: respiratory training, empty-hand combat, weaponized combat, and willpower training. Binh Dinh’s martial arts contribute to physical health and tourism, with the province hosting the International Traditional Martial Arts Festival every two years.

Presently, Binh Dinh province boasts 177 dojos with over 12,000 practitioners and 101 masters. Numerous martial arts villages are scattered throughout the region, each with its own distinctive style and specialty. For example, Thuan Truyen is known for staff fighting, An Vinh for its female fighters, An Thai for a stronger unarmed style, and Long Phuoc Pagoda for a peaceful, Buddhist approach to combat.

Binh Dinh province in Vietnam is renowned for its rich martial arts heritage, particularly for being the birthplace of the traditional Vietnamese martial art of Vovinam.

Today, Binh Dinh martial arts is to train physical health and a symbol to develop tourism. Every two years, Binh Dinh organizes the International Traditional Martial Arts Festival to preserve, honour and promote cultural values of the Vietnamese martial arts. On these occasions, domestic and international martial arts groups from Russia, China, Thailand, and other neighbouring countries come to Thien Hung Temple in Binh Dinh for martial arts exchanges and promote friendly relations.

Nhat Nam

The Nhat Nam School is the oldest among Vietnamese traditional martial arts schools, with roots in Thanh Hoa and Nghe An Provinces. Its exact origins and founder are uncertain, but references to Nhat Nam date back to the 13th-14th centuries. The martial art was practiced in family schools and a martial arts academy in the capital city of Thang Long. Although many schools declined over time, Nhat Nam was revived in 1986 by Professor Ngô Xuân Bính, who aimed to unify Vietnam’s martial arts. 

Nhat Nam is tailored to the Vietnamese physique and emphasizes the principle of weakness overcoming strength. It incorporates combat techniques, flexibility, acrobatics, traditional weapons, and thinking skills. The art places importance on internal strength, similar to Tai Chi Chuan, focusing on breathing, physical wellness, and mental skills. Nhat Nam was once popular throughout Vietnam, serving purposes of physical training, cultural performances, and defense. It promotes perfection, harmony, moral principles, and moderation. Nhat Nam has gained popularity in Russia and Lithuania.

Cuong Nhu

Cuong Nhu is a modern Vietnamese-American hybrid martial art founded in 1965 by Grandmaster Ngo Dong. It combines techniques from various Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, and other arts, including Shotokan Karate, Aikido, Judo, Wing Chun, Tai Chi, Vovinam, and Boxing. Cuong Nhu emphasizes hard and soft styles, with beginners starting with Shotokan and Wing Chun techniques and progressing to katas, strikes, kicks, grappling, and weapons training. The art fosters a supportive and inclusive community while focusing on the development of the whole person.

Dau Vat

Dau Vat, or Vietnamese Traditional Wrestling, is a grappling style originating in Ha Nam Province with a lineage spanning over a thousand years. It was a popular sport among Vietnamese farmers, particularly during festivals and Lunar New Year celebrations. Wrestlers aim to upset opponents with sweeps, grabs, and takedowns, aiming to get them belly up or remove both their feet from the ground. No strikes are allowed in this form of wrestling.

Dau Vat competitions often feature wrestling drums to attract villagers and signal the start of the games. Wrestlers perform dances as a sign of respect for their opponents, with each region showcasing its own rituals through traditional dances. These dances serve as warm-ups and create an atmosphere of excitement before the matches begin.

Apart from being entertaining, traditional wrestling is also a beneficial sport, helping young people in villages become stronger, more energetic, and courageous. It promotes physical fitness and teaches techniques for strength, defense, falling safely, and escaping holds. Numerous festival wrestlings take place throughout Vietnam during the Tết  (Lunar New Year) festival, with the wrestling in Lang Sinh, Thua Thien Hue being particularly famous and exciting.

The Tet celebration in Vietnam is a vibrant and significant traditional festival marking the Lunar New Year, characterized by family reunions, festive decorations, and cultural rituals.

Qwan Ki Do

Qwan Ki Do is a modern Vietnamese martial art founded in France in 1981 by Grandmaster Pham Xuan Tong. It combines elements from traditional Vietnamese, Chinese, and Japanese martial arts. The name translates to “The Way of Body’s Energy,” emphasizing the integration of mind, body, and spirit. Qwan Ki Do incorporates striking, kicking, throws, joint locks, and grappling for self-defense. Forms or quyền are practiced to develop coordination and conditioning. Controlled sparring and competitions showcase practitioners’ skills. Traditional Vietnamese weapons training is included. The philosophy promotes virtues, personal growth, and the harmonious integration of physical and spiritual aspects. Qwan Ki Do improves physical fitness, flexibility, and mental well-being. It has spread to over 30 countries worldwide.

Qwan Ki Do was founded by Pham Xuân Tong (right), a Vietnamese-French martial artist, with the aim of preserving and promoting traditional Vietnamese martial arts.

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