Welcome to our guide to European Martial Arts. From the brutality of Greek Pankration to the technical excellence of Italian and Spanish Fencing masters and English Prizefighting to French Savate kickboxing. It’s all here.
Table of Contents
Introduction
European martial arts provide a fascinating window into the diverse combat traditions that have shaped the continent’s history. These arts reflect a rich tapestry of martial practices from cultural centers like the UK, France, Greece, Russia, Italy, and beyond. Each style developed in response to the unique challenges and military needs of its region, telling the story of the people who practiced them—whether for honour, sport, survival, or defense. This blend of history and tradition makes European martial arts as diverse as the cultures they represent.
This post will highlight some of Europe’s unique fighting traditions and explore their lasting impact on both history and culture.
From the refined fencing techniques of Renaissance Italy to the rugged grappling styles of the Scottish Highlands, European martial arts reveal much about the continent’s past. These combat styles are not just fighting methods but are deeply interwoven with the cultural identities of the regions that developed them.
By examining these diverse styles and techniques, readers will gain a deeper appreciation for how these combat practices reflect the rich tapestry of European history and identity. Each martial tradition embodies the values, challenges, and military needs of its culture, offering a glimpse into the evolution of combat across the continent.
Let us now begin our exploration of some of these unique European martial systems, uncovering their historical significance and cultural impact.
HEMA - Historical European Martial Arts
Revival
Historical European Martial Arts (HEMA) encompass a range of combat styles from the medieval period through the early 20th century, with a significant revival beginning in the 1990s. This resurgence has been fueled by a growing fascination with historical martial arts and greater access to historical texts and manuscripts. HEMA organizations are dedicated to researching, reconstructing, and practicing these techniques, focusing on treatises and manuals from the Medieval and Renaissance eras. They aim to preserve Europe’s martial traditions through study, training, and live demonstrations, often concentrating on swordsmanship, grappling, and other combat systems. These organizations also explore the teachings of later martial artists like Edward William Barton-Wright, creator of Bartitsu, and Pierre Vigny, a savate and stick-fighting expert, ensuring that both medieval and early modern European martial arts remain alive and relevant today.
HEMA (Historical European Martial Arts) focuses on reviving traditional European combat techniques from historical manuals. Found worldwide, HEMA groups train and compete in Europe, North America, and beyond, aiming to preserve and practice these ancient martial arts in modern times.
Tradition
HEMA Countries and Their Unique Weapon Styles
- Austria: Rapier and longsword.
- Czech Republic: Longsword and polearms.
- Denmark: Longsword and Viking-age weapons.
- Finland: Longsword and polearms.
- France: Rapier, smallsword, and cane fighting (savate and la canne).
- Germany: Longsword, messer, and staff weapons (halberds and polearms).
- Hungary: Hungarian saber.
- Italy: Rapier, sidesword, and longsword.
- Norway: Viking-age weapons, including axes and longswords.
- Poland: Polish saber (Hussar saber).
- Spain: Rapier (La Verdadera Destreza).
- Sweden: Longsword, rapier, and stick fighting (Swedish fencing).
- Switzerland: Halberd and Swiss longsword.
While HEMA primarily focuses on swordsmanship, it also includes training in other weapons such as daggers, polearms, and bucklers. Members prioritize historical accuracy and the practical application of techniques over competitive elements. The HEMA community emphasizes physical skill, historical knowledge, and mental discipline, preserving this rich martial heritage and fostering a spirit of unity and ongoing education among its practitioners.
Finland
Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu
Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu, established in 1977 by Auvo Niiniketo in Finland, is a modern derivative of traditional Japanese Jujutsu. The name, meaning “North Star-style,” reflects its Japanese origins while adapting to Western contexts. Recognizable by the red inverted triangle on practitioners’ uniforms, Hokutoryu emphasizes speed, timing, and tactical awareness over brute strength. Its techniques cover a wide range, including strikes, throws, joint locks, and ground fighting. The curriculum integrates sparring and defense against both armed and unarmed attackers, blending traditional Japanese principles with Western cultural adaptations.
Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu, founded by Auvo Niiniketo in Finland, combines traditional Japanese jujutsu with modern self-defense techniques for practical application.
Today, Hokutoryu has grown internationally, with around 50 schools in countries such as Russia, Belarus, Estonia, Iran, Ecuador, the USA, Sweden, and Norway, although it remains most widespread in its home country, Finland.
France
The martial traditions of France evolved from its rich historical and cultural context. Shaped by medieval chivalry, knights developed combat skills that reflected personal honour and social status. During the Renaissance, fencing became an art form, emphasizing technique and elegance in dueling. By the 19th century, urbanization led to the creation of practical systems like Savate for self-defence in crowded cities.
Canne de combat
Canne de combat is a traditional French martial art that uses a cane as a weapon, originally developed in rural France for self-defense by peasants. Practitioners employ fluid, circular movements to strike, thrust, and parry, and the art also includes disarming techniques and defenses against various weapons. Canne de combat is practiced both as a sport and for self-defense, often alongside other fencing and stick-based martial arts, preserving its historical roots while evolving into a modern discipline.
Canne de Combat
Gouren
Gouren is a traditional Breton wrestling style and one of the oldest forms of wrestling in Europe, focusing on throws and pins. It holds deep cultural significance in Brittany, reflecting the region’s history and heritage. Practiced at local festivals and events, Gouren remains a vibrant part of Breton culture and continues to be passed down through generations, preserving the region’s unique wrestling traditions.
La École Française d'Escrime - French School of Fencing
La École Française d’Escrime is a traditional French fencing method that emerged in the late Renaissance, emphasizing both the intellectual and athletic aspects of sword fighting. Known for its focus on grace, strategic use of distance, timing, and tactics, the school uses the foil, épée, and sabre as its primary weapons. Over time, the French School of Fencing has had a profound influence on modern fencing, with its principles continuing to form a cornerstone of fencing practices and competitions worldwide.
La École Française d’Escrime evolved during the Renaissance, refining fencing techniques with an emphasis on precision, elegance, and the strategic use of timing and distance, shaping modern fencing as we know it today.
Qwan Ki Do
Qwan Ki Do, codified in France in 1981, is a Vietnamese martial art practiced globally. It combines hand-to-hand combat and weapons techniques, including the traditional Vietnamese sword art of Viet Lon Guom. Structured through progressive levels, Qwan Ki Do integrates elements from Karate, Taekwondo, Judo, and Kung Fu. It is known for enhancing physical strength, flexibility, and mental health, offering a well-rounded approach to both martial arts and personal development.
Savate
Savate, also known as French foot-fighting, originated in the streets of 19th-century France as a form of street combat and self-defense. Initially, it developed from older French fighting styles like “Chausson” (a sailors’ form of kicking) and “La Savate”, both of which utilized shoes or boots in combat, distinguishing it from martial arts that are practiced barefoot.
As Savate evolved, it transitioned into a refined martial art, incorporating a combination of punches, kicks, and precise strikes. This development transformed Savate from a street defense system into a sport that emphasized fluidity, mobility, and strategic footwork. Practitioners are trained to move gracefully around their opponents, employing precise kicks such as the fouetté (roundhouse kick) and the chassé (side kick), while evading strikes with agile footwork. This emphasis on elegant, controlled movement became a hallmark of Savate, making it a unique martial art.
From the rough streets of Paris and docks of Marseille to the ring. Savate kickboxing.
Today, Savate is practiced worldwide for both self-defense and as a sport, valued for its focus on dynamic movement, athleticism, and versatility in combat. Its rich history, distinctive techniques, and balance of both form and practicality have earned it respect within the global martial arts community.
Germany
Germany’s martial traditions are deeply embedded in its history and culture. Rooted in medieval chivalry, combat skills symbolized both honour and social standing. The Renaissance added refinement, with fencing and wrestling blending artistry and practicality. In the 19th century, turnvereins (gymnastic clubs) incorporated traditional wrestling and fencing, promoting physical strength and national unity.
Kunst des Fechtens - German School of Fencing
Kunst des Fechtens, originating in late medieval Germany, is a traditional school of fencing that focuses on the use of the longsword, dagger, messer, and rapier. This system is distinguished by its emphasis on geometry, leverage, and body mechanics, aiming to develop highly effective combat techniques. The tradition is thoroughly documented in treatises by masters like Johannes Liechtenauer, who focused on body mechanics and leverage, and Joachim Meyer, whose comprehensive works detailed the use of various weapons. These writings, alongside contributions from other influential masters like Sigmund Ringeck and Peter von Danzig, continue to shape and influence modern Western martial arts, particularly in the HEMA community.
Ringen
Ringen, dating back to the Middle Ages, is a traditional German wrestling style that emphasizes grappling techniques such as holds, throws, and pins. Originally practiced both as a recreational activity and a method for resolving disputes, Ringen played a significant role in the everyday lives of the populace. Unlike modern wrestling styles like Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling, Ringen does not classify competitors by weight, making it a unique form of grappling. Today, it continues to be practiced in parts of Germany, often featured in cultural festivals, preserving its historical and cultural significance.
Ringen is a German traditional form of grappling and wrestling from the medieval period, revived today by HEMA practitioners to preserve its historical techniques and strategies.
German Ju-Jutsu
German Ju-Jutsu, developed in the 1960s, is a modern martial art that blends techniques from Japanese Jujutsu, Judo, Karate, and other martial disciplines. It is widely recognized for its effectiveness in self-defense and its use in law enforcement training, particularly by German police forces. Governed by the Deutscher Ju-Jutsu Verband (DJJV) and the Ju-Jitsu International Federation (JJIF), this system emphasizes the use of leverage, joint locks, and efficient transitions between techniques. It is designed for both self-defense and competitive training, with practitioners engaging in sparring and participating in tournaments.
Netherlands
Dutch kickboxing
Dutch kickboxing is a highly dynamic martial art that combines the elements of Western boxing, Kyokushin Karate, and Muay Thai. Known for its aggressive style, Dutch kickboxing emphasizes hand combinations, followed by powerful kicks that create a seamless flow of attacks. Practitioners are recognized for their use of swift, agile footwork, which serves both offensive and defensive purposes. This contrasts with the clinching and elbow-heavy techniques characteristic of Muay Thai, as Dutch kickboxing focuses more on fast-paced, adaptable combinations and less on extended clinches and elbow strikes.
Rob Kaman, often referred to as “The King of Kickboxing,” is a pivotal figure in Dutch kickboxing, known for his exceptional skills and contributions that have significantly shaped the sport’s evolution.
One of the pioneers of this style, Rob Kaman, became famous for his expert blending of punches, kicks, and strategic movement, setting a high standard in combat sports. Dutch kickboxers are particularly known for their ability to transition quickly between punches and kicks, making them versatile and highly effective in competitive arenas.
Greece
Greece’s martial traditions are rooted in its ancient history, with combat skills central to both military excellence and philosophical development. From the warriors of Sparta to the tactics of Athens, Greek combat culture emphasized discipline, strategy, and physical prowess. Combat sports like wrestling, boxing, and Pankration reflected the ideal of mastering both mind and body, leaving a lasting impact on European martial systems and close-quarters combat techniques.
Pankration
Greek Pankration was practiced by many of the warrior cultures from ancient times. From the Spartans, to Alexanders troops to Roman Gladiators.
In recent times, Pankration has been revived as a modern combat sport, incorporating techniques from various martial arts while incorporating safety modifications. This modern version reflects both a respect for its ancient roots and adaptations to fit contemporary competition standards, positioning Pankration as a forerunner to today’s Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). Its revival underscores the enduring legacy of one of history’s most demanding and revered martial arts.
Iceland
Glima
Glima, a traditional Scandinavian martial art originating from Iceland, serves as both a historical sport and a method of self-defense. The term “Glima” translates to “grip” or “clutch” in Icelandic, reflecting its emphasis on close-quarters wrestling techniques. It involves various grappling, throwing, and holding maneuvers, all aimed at pinning an opponent’s shoulders to the ground—a reminder of its practical use for self-defense in earlier times.
Glima Wrestling from Iceland. The legacy of the Vikings.
Viking Roots
Tracing its roots back to the Viking era, Glima was essential in the combat training of Norse warriors, promoting both physical prowess and a strong sense of communal spirit. Today, Glima continues to be practiced in Iceland and other Nordic countries as a regulated competitive sport. It preserves traditional techniques while adhering to modern safety standards, ensuring both the sport’s legacy and participant safety.
Italy
Italian hand-to-hand combat evolved from ancient Roman military techniques, medieval knightly training, and Renaissance martial arts. Roman influences focused on grappling and striking, while medieval Italy saw the rise of lotta (wrestling) and dagger fighting. By the Renaissance, masters like Fiore dei Liberi formalized these methods, blending unarmed techniques with weapons.
Calcio Storico
Calcio Storico, also known as Historical Football, originated in Florence during the 16th century, evolving from earlier forms of football and wrestling. Initially a pastime of noble families, this ancient sport combines elements of soccer, rugby, and bare-knuckle fighting, making it a unique symbol of Florentine culture. It is primarily played during festivals, especially the Feast of St. John in June, drawing large crowds to watch this historic event.
Calcio Storico, a traditional Florentine sport, combines elements of soccer, rugby, and bare-knuckle fighting, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of Florence while showcasing the city’s vibrant festival traditions.
The game features two teams of 27 players each, competing to score by throwing a ball into the opponent’s goal while engaging in physical combat, including tackles, punches, and grappling. Training for Calcio Storico is intense, with players focusing on both strength and conditioning to build physical fitness, as well as combat training to handle the aggressive nature of the game. This fusion of athleticism and martial skill preserves the tradition and historical significance of this distinctive Italian sport, reflecting the importance of physical combat in Italian culture.
Canne Italiana
Canne Italiana, developed by the Manusardi family in Milan over three generations, evolved from the French martial art Canne de combat. This Italian adaptation focuses on delivering powerful strikes without sacrificing speed, although it generally moves at a slower pace compared to its French counterpart. Techniques in Canne Italiana closely resemble those used in duelling sabre (“Sciabola da Terreno“), making it particularly effective for cross-training with the sabre. The Manusardi gym also offers training in Bastone Italiano, a staff-fighting discipline, reflecting the family’s dedication to preserving and evolving Italian martial traditions while providing a diverse approach to historical combat techniques.
Gladiatura Moderna
Modern Roman gladiatorial groups, like “Ars Dimicandi” and schools such as Scuola Gladiatori Sacrofano and Ludus Magnus, aim to revive ancient gladiator combat techniques, offering historical reenactments and training to showcase the martial skills of Rome’s legendary fighters.
Kick Jitsu
Kick Jitsu, recognized by the Italian federation FIKBMS (Federazione Italiana Kickboxing, Muay Thai, Savate, Shoot Boxe, e Sambo), blends the striking techniques of kickboxing with the grappling skills of jujitsu, creating a versatile martial art that emphasizes both stand-up and ground combat. Established in the 1980s, it gained popularity in regions such as Tuscany, Liguria, and Calabria. Its global recognition expanded with the founding of the World Kick-Jitsu Federation in 2003, which later evolved into the World Mixed Martial Arts Federation (WMMAF) in 2012, further expanding its international reach and appeal within the martial arts community.
Scherma di Coltello
Scherma di Coltello is a traditional Italian knife fighting art that developed primarily in southern Italy, particularly in regions like Sicily and Naples. The art focuses on quick, precise knife techniques combined with fluid footwork and defensive maneuvers. Practitioners aim to evade attacks and counter with swift, targeted strikes, often using circular movements to outmaneuver opponents. Scherma di Coltello evolved in a culture where carrying knives for self-defense was common, and duels—sometimes fatal—were part of resolving disputes, making the knife both a tool and a symbol of personal honour.
In cities like Naples and rural areas of Sicily, each region developed its own distinct style of knife fighting. While Sicilian knife fighting often drew from street combat and family-taught techniques, Neapolitan knife fighting was shaped by urban dueling traditions. Today, Scherma di Coltello is practiced both as a martial art and a way of preserving Italy’s historical combat traditions. Schools dedicated to its preservation teach the art in a modern context, blending historical techniques with contemporary martial practices.
Scuola di Scherma - The Italian School of Fencing
Originating in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Italian School of Fencing is renowned for its elegant, flowing movements and strong emphasis on the rapier for both self-defense and dueling. This classical style was highly influential across Europe during its peak, introducing foundational techniques like the lunge and parry, which continue to shape modern sport fencing. The Italian School’s blend of artistry and combat effectiveness not only contributed to the evolution of fencing but also left a lasting legacy that is still studied and practiced today, preserving a rich martial tradition.
Nova Scrimia
Nova Scrimia, a modern Italian martial art developed in the late 20th century, blends traditional Western martial arts techniques—including sword, rapier, unarmed boxing, wrestling, dagger, cape, staves, and sticks—with contemporary self-defense practices. Rooted in historical European martial arts (HEMA) and based on extensive historical research, Nova Scrimia emphasizes the practical application of these techniques, while also highlighting their cultural significance and ethical values. By combining both historical and modern elements, Nova Scrimia preserves European martial traditions while adapting them for the needs of today’s practitioners.
Ireland
Bataireacht (stick-fighting).
Bataireacht is a traditional Irish martial art centered on stick fighting, using cudgels or short sticks commonly made from oak or blackthorn. Developed as a tool for self-defense during periods of foreign dominance, particularly under British rule, the art derives its name from the Irish word “bata,” meaning stick. The system includes a range of techniques, such as strikes, thrusts, blocks, and grappling, with practitioners utilizing specific grips and stances to maintain control and balance in combat.
Historically, Bataireacht was used during faction fights, large-scale brawls between rival groups in rural Ireland, often taking place at fairs or social events, where participants used shillelaghs to strike opponents, primarily aiming for the head, arms, and legs.
Spain
Keysi Fighting Method (KFM)
Developed in Spain by Justo Dieguez and Andy Norman, Keysi Fighting Method (KFM) is a self-defense system that blends elements from boxing, kickboxing, karate, and kung fu. The system emphasizes instinctive reactions and practical self-defense, relying on dynamic body movements to enhance the power, speed, and efficiency of strikes and blocks. Unlike traditional martial arts, KFM trains practitioners to develop natural responses to real-world threats, focusing on fluid movement rather than rigid, predetermined techniques. This adaptability makes KFM particularly suited for self-defense in unpredictable, real-life scenarios.
La Verdadera Destreza - Spanish School of Fencing
La Verdadera Destreza, emerging in the late 16th century, is a renowned Spanish school of fencing known for its use of lightweight thrusting swords and agile footwork. It emphasizes efficient, precise attacks and defenses, particularly the riposte—a swift counter-attack following a defensive maneuver. This style was popular among Spanish nobility and soldiers and heavily influenced fencing practices across Europe and the Americas. Today, La Verdadera Destreza continues to be studied by martial arts enthusiasts and historians, valued for its tactical depth and historical significance in the evolution of European swordsmanship.
La Verdadera Destreza, a Spanish fencing style from the late 16th century, is renowned for its focus on precise techniques, agile footwork, and the efficient use of lightweight swords, influencing European fencing practices significantly.
Lucha Canaria
Lucha Canaria is a traditional folk wrestling sport from the Canary Islands, where competitors aim to make their opponent touch the sand with any part of the body other than the feet. The sport emphasizes strategic thinking, technique, and timing, reflecting the rich cultural and historical heritage of the islands. Lucha Canaria is celebrated during community gatherings, often accompanied by music and cheering, showcasing the athleticism and vibrancy of Canary Islands culture.
Leonese Wrestling
Lucha Leonesa, originating from the León region in Spain, is a traditional folk wrestling style that emphasizes technical skill over brute strength. The goal is to throw the opponent off-balance rather than pinning them, showcasing finesse and technique. Wrestlers compete in a specific area and wear the traditional “calzón” outfit. Lucha Leonesa holds deep cultural significance and is often featured at local festivals and fairs, embodying the region’s rich heritage and physical traditions.
Serbia
Real Aikido
Real Aikido (Serbian Cyrillic: Реални аикидо) is a martial art developed by Ljubomir Vračarević, a Serbian self-defense instructor. The system combines techniques from aikido, judo, and jujutsu, with modifications designed to enhance practicality in security and self-defense situations. It emphasizes unarmed combat as well as defense against weapons, including knives and pistols, with techniques simplified to ensure ease of learning, particularly for those in security training.
Real Aikido is based on the traditional aikido kyu/dan grading system, and its curriculum includes grappling, evasion, and blocking techniques against strikes. Since 2005, it has been taught as an elective subject in Serbian elementary schools, reflecting its educational and practical value in self-defense training.
Serbian Real Aikido is a modern self-defense system developed by Ljubomir Vračarević, blending elements of aikido, judo, and jujitsu, and is widely taught to security forces in Serbia for practical hand-to-hand combat.
Russia
Russian fighting styles have been shaped by centuries of military tradition, geopolitical conflicts, and cultural exchanges. Influenced by historical warrior groups like the Cossacks and Boyars, and lessons learned from pivotal moments such as the Russo-Japanese War, these systems emphasize practical self-defense, grappling, and ground fighting. Soviet military doctrine and regional combat traditions further refined these techniques, focusing on mental conditioning, efficiency, and adaptability. Today, these martial arts are practiced for personal development, fitness, and sport, while continuing to serve military and law enforcement training.
Sombo (Combat Sombo)
Sombo, a Russian martial art, blends elements of wrestling, judo, and traditional Sambo. The name comes from “SAMozashchita Bez Oruzhiya,” meaning self-defense without weapons. Developed in the Soviet Union in the early 20th century, Sombo was originally designed to improve soldiers’ hand-to-hand combat skills. It emphasizes grappling and ground fighting, using throws, joint locks, and chokes to control and submit opponents, with strikes playing a secondary role.
Russian Sombo. Developed for the military but adapted for civilian sports.
There are two main forms of Sombo: Sport Sambo, which focuses on competitive grappling and throws, and Combat Sambo, which incorporates striking techniques and was developed for use in military and law enforcement. Other versions also exist but emphasize specialized techniques for different combat scenarios. Sombo training typically includes both live sparring and technical drills, making it practical for sport as well as self-defense.
Due to its versatility and effectiveness, Sombo has gained widespread popularity in Russia and beyond, with an increasing number of practitioners competing in national and international competitions. Sombo’s unique combination of grappling and combat techniques continues to attract martial artists worldwide, keeping it relevant in both sporting and practical self-defense contexts.
Systema
Systema, a Russian martial art, focuses on enhancing both physical and mental capabilities. Originally developed by the Russian military to train soldiers in hand-to-hand combat and self-defense, Systema is distinguished by its emphasis on natural movements, breathing, and relaxation. Unlike many traditional martial arts, which often rely on rigid techniques, Systema promotes fluid, adaptive movements, enabling practitioners to respond to various situations with ease and flexibility.
Systema integrates elements from other martial arts, including boxing, wrestling, and judo, but its unique approach lies in cultivating a deep understanding of one’s body and fostering heightened awareness and sensitivity. This helps practitioners maintain a calm and relaxed state, even under physical and mental stress. The art also emphasizes developing inner strength and resilience to stress, making it a well-rounded system for both self-defense and personal development.
Systema is a Russian martial art focused on natural movement, breathing, and relaxation, designed for practical self-defense and combat situations, often used by Russian special forces.
Now practiced globally, Systema has grown beyond its military origins and serves as a tool for self-defense, as well as for promoting physical and mental growth in everyday life. Its focus on natural movements and mental control continues to attract martial artists and individuals seeking holistic personal development.
Kadochnikov System
The Kadochnikov System, developed by Alexey Kadochnikov in the mid-20th century, is a Russian martial art rooted in the principles of biomechanics and physics. Initially designed for military use, the system emphasizes efficient movement, balance, and the strategic use of leverage to neutralize opponents without relying on brute strength. By using natural body mechanics and turning the opponent’s own force against them, practitioners of the Kadochnikov System can maximize efficiency in combat scenarios.
In addition to its physical techniques, the system teaches mental conditioning, promoting a calm and effective response in stressful situations. It covers a wide range of combat scenarios, including hand-to-hand combat, knife defense, and firearm disarmament, making it a highly versatile martial art. Known for its practical and scientific approach to self-defense, the Kadochnikov System continues to be respected for its focus on rational, biomechanical efficiency.
Rukopashny Boi
Rukopashny Boi, or Hand-to-Hand Combat, is a term used to describe the close-combat techniques practiced by Russian military and law enforcement personnel. This system is highly adaptable and draws from various martial arts, including wrestling, judo, and boxing, focusing on practical self-defense and the ability to quickly neutralize opponents in real-world scenarios. The techniques emphasize efficiency, enabling practitioners to respond effectively in high-stress environments.
Rukopashny-boi combines techniques from traditional Russian wrestling, Judo, boxing, and Sambo, creating a versatile hand-to-hand combat system.
Unlike formalized martial arts styles, Rukopashny Boi is not a fixed system but a blend of combat methods tailored to the specific tactical needs of the military and law enforcement. Training includes grappling, striking, and weapon defense, preparing individuals for unpredictable combat situations. The system prioritizes adaptability, physical conditioning, and mental resilience, making it an essential component of Russian military and law enforcement training.
ARB
ARB (АРБ), which stands for “Absolute Rapid Battle,” is a Russian combat sport and self-defense system that blends elements from various martial arts, including judo, wrestling, sambo, boxing, and kickboxing. Designed for real-world self-defense scenarios, ARB focuses on the efficient and effective application of techniques to quickly control a situation and neutralize potential threats. The system emphasizes practical self-defense skills, making it highly adaptable for both sport and real-life situations. Due to its versatility and focus on practical combat, ARB has grown in popularity both in Russia and internationally, attracting those interested in a comprehensive and realistic approach to self-defense.
Scotland
HEMA Scotland
Historical Fencing in Scotland preserves and explores traditional Scottish sword-fighting techniques, deeply rooted in the rich martial traditions of both the Highland warriors and Lowland clans. This discipline includes various sword-based martial arts, such as the broadsword, claymore, and backsword, each reflecting Scotland’s storied combat heritage. Beyond the mastery of ancient techniques, historical fencing places significant emphasis on understanding their cultural and historical significance.
Practitioners utilize traditional Scottish weapons and often don period-accurate clothing and armor, striving for authenticity in the recreation of historical combat methods. Today, historical fencing in Scotland is practiced both recreationally and competitively, attracting enthusiasts dedicated to experiencing and preserving this unique aspect of Scottish heritage.
The Scottish claymore typically measures around 5 feet long and weighs between 4 to 6 pounds, making it a devastating weapon in the right hands (as many a sassenach ‘foreigner’ got to find out).
Scottish Backhold
Scottish Backhold is a traditional folk wrestling style native to Scotland, particularly rooted in the Highlands. This grappling discipline emphasizes throws and holds, relying on leverage, momentum, and technical skill to overcome opponents. Unlike many other wrestling forms, Scottish Backhold is performed outdoors, typically in a ring outlined by ropes or stakes, and does not require specific grappling gear or uniforms.
The style is characterized by quick movements and a strategic use of force, allowing competitors to execute powerful throws. Passed down through generations, Scottish Backhold has become an integral part of Scottish cultural heritage. Today, it is upheld by a dedicated community of enthusiasts, committed to preserving this unique and historical wrestling tradition.
Switzerland
Schwingen
Schwingen is a traditional Swiss wrestling style, celebrated as a national sport and deeply ingrained in Switzerland’s cultural heritage, particularly in rural areas. This folk wrestling style involves two competitors attempting to throw each other to the ground using various grappling techniques similar to those found in other European folk wrestling traditions. Competitions are typically held on a circular mat, and wrestlers aim to score points through well-executed holds and maneuvers designed to bring their opponent down. Schwingen remains a key symbol of Swiss tradition, continuing to thrive at local and national festivals.
Schwingen, Switzerland’s traditional wrestling style, emphasizes throws and grappling techniques.
Ukraine
Combat Hopak
Combat Hopak, also known as Boyovyy Hopak or Boyovyy Sytky, is a Ukrainian martial art that fuses traditional Ukrainian dance with combat techniques. This unique style utilizes dance-like movements to mimic real combat scenarios, making it effective for both self-defense and as a competitive sport. The system incorporates a wide range of techniques, including punches, kicks, throws, grappling, and acrobatic elements like high-flying jumps. Combat Hopak emphasizes fluidity, athleticism, and dynamic power, resulting in a martial art that is both physically demanding and visually captivating. Its integration of cultural heritage and martial skill reflects a rich Ukrainian tradition.
Some have compared Combat Hopak to Capoeira due to their shared emphasis on agility, acrobatics, and the integration of dance with combat techniques. Both martial arts combine cultural expression with self-defense, though Hopak focuses on the martial traditions of the Ukrainian Cossacks, incorporating fluid kicks, punches, and dynamic jumps similar to Capoeira’s flowing, rhythmic movements.
United Kingdom
The UK’s martial traditions have been shaped by various influences, including Viking and Norman invasions and the refinement of fencing during the Renaissance. Key elements like Celtic and Gaelic customs, the longbow’s role in medieval warfare, and the rise of boxing and bare-knuckle fighting in the 18th and 19th centuries also contributed significantly to its combat culture. World War II shifted the focus to practical self-defense methods, such as Bartitsu, emphasizing efficiency and adaptability for both civilians and soldiers.
HEMA UK
The English Tradition - The English School of Fencing
The English fencing style, developed in the 19th century, is distinguished by its focus on safety and precision, serving both as a competitive sport and a means of physical exercise. Practitioners use lightweight, electrified weapons that register hits through an electronic scoring system, enhancing accuracy and minimizing injury risks. Matches occur within a defined area, and participants wear protective gear, including jackets, gloves, and masks. Governed by the International Fencing Federation, English fencing encompasses three primary weapon categories: foil, épée, and sabre, each with its own specific rules and scoring systems.
English fencing has played a significant role in shaping international fencing, contributing techniques and principles that are foundational to modern practices worldwide.
Matches are overseen by referees and juries to maintain fair play, ensuring a structured competitive environment. This sport has gained widespread popularity among both amateur and professional athletes, with numerous international competitions showcasing the skill and finesse of its practitioners. Its reputation continues to grow globally, celebrated for its blend of strategy, technique, and control in combat.
English Longsword School
The English Longsword Style is a Historical European Martial Arts (HEMA) discipline that focuses on mastering the longsword, a two-handed weapon prominent in medieval Europe. Drawing from 14th and 15th-century treatises and manuscripts, this martial art seeks to authentically recreate the techniques and tactics of the era. Practitioners emphasize footwork, leverage, and body mechanics to effectively control and overcome opponents. The longsword is celebrated for its versatility, excelling in both cutting and thrusting maneuvers. The curriculum also explores additional weapons, such as daggers and bucklers (small shields), and incorporates grappling techniques.
As part of the broader HEMA community, the English Longsword School attracts enthusiasts of history, swordplay, and physical fitness, all dedicated to reviving and preserving the martial traditions of historical Europe.
Singlestick
Singlestick is a traditional English martial art that originated in the 17th century, primarily practiced by sailors, farmers, and other working-class individuals. It utilizes a wooden stick, originally serving as a training tool for sword fighting, and is often featured in mock duels and competitions. In singlestick, two participants strike at each other’s head, body, or legs, with points awarded for successful hits, determining the winner based on the accumulation of points.
The focus on singlestick training allowed Royal Navy personnel to practice weapon techniques in a safer manner compared to real sword fighting, while still providing an engaging form of exercise.
Characterized by fast, explosive movements, singlestick demands agility, speed, and quick reflexes. Today, it is recognized as a historical martial art practiced both as a sport and a form of physical exercise. Singlestick remains popular in the UK, featured in historical reenactments, demonstrations, and international competitions.
English Archery
English Archery, with its medieval origins, has long been a defining element of the UK’s martial heritage. The traditional longbow, crafted from a single piece of wood, played a pivotal role in shaping European battlefields, particularly through the renowned Welsh and Cheshire longbowmen. Their mastery of the longbow proved decisive in historic battles like Agincourt, where English archery significantly influenced the outcome of warfare.
English archery is governed by the Grand National Archery Society, established in 1861, making it the world’s oldest archery society. Competitive archery involves shooting at multi-ringed targets from set distances, with various forms like field, target, and clout archery testing different skills and techniques.
English archery, rooted in medieval warfare, continues to thrive today as both a competitive sport and a popular leisure activity, blending tradition with modern appeal.
The Welsh Contribution
The Welsh significantly influenced UK medieval combat through their expertise with the longbow, particularly during the uprising of Owain Glyndŵr in the early 15th century. Glyndŵr's rebellion showcased the longbow's effectiveness, as Welsh archers used it to great advantage against English forces. Recognizing its power, England incorporated the longbow and its skilled users into its armies, leading to pivotal victories at battles like Crécy (1346) and Agincourt (1415). This adaptation marked a transformative shift in military tactics, establishing the longbow as a formidable weapon on the medieval battlefield.
Owain Glyndŵr’s uprising: a pivotal moment where Welsh longbowmen showcased their deadly skill, striking fear into English forces and changing the course of medieval warfare.
WWII Era Combat Styles
Bartitsu
Bartitsu is a hybrid martial art created in late 19th-century England by E.W. Barton-Wright, blending elements of British boxing, French savate, and Japanese jiu-jitsu. Initially developed for urban self-defense, Bartitsu focuses on techniques for disarming attackers and controlling situations with practical skills, including cane strikes and walking stick defenses. Although its popularity diminished by the mid-20th century, Bartitsu has experienced a revival in recent years. Today, it is celebrated as a historical martial art, attracting enthusiasts worldwide and showcasing the fusion of European and Asian combat techniques.
Bartitsu, developed in England in the late 19th century, is a hybrid martial art combining elements of British boxing, French savate, and Japanese jiu-jitsu, designed for practical self-defense in urban settings, famously known as the martial art of Sherlock Holmes.
Defendu
Defendu is a British martial art developed in the early 20th century by William E. Fairbairn, a police officer stationed in Shanghai. Designed as a practical self-defense system for police officers and soldiers, Defendu emphasizes speed, power, and simplicity. The system utilizes natural movements, along with punches, kicks, joint locks, and throws, all aimed at quickly neutralizing an attacker and allowing for a swift escape. Defendu became popular among British soldiers and police officers during the mid-20th century, influencing several modern self-defense systems. Although it is not as widely practiced today, it remains a respected and effective method for real-world self-defense.
Defendu, developed by William E. Fairbairn, is a pragmatic British martial art focused on quick, effective self-defense techniques originally designed for military and law enforcement use.
Suffrajitsu
Suffrajitsu, also known as “Bartitsu for Suffragettes,” was developed in the early 20th-century UK as a self-defense method tailored to the needs of suffragettes advocating for women’s rights. The term combines “suffragette” and “jitsu,” reflecting the use of jiu-jitsu techniques that were taught to women to defend themselves during physical confrontations at protests. These skills were used to counter aggression and resist arrest during public demonstrations. Led by Emmeline Pankhurst and instructor Edith Garrud, suffragettes effectively utilized these techniques to protect themselves from violent opposition.
Suffrajitsu blended self-defense techniques, jiu-jitsu and other martial arts, to enablie women to protect themselves during protests for women’s voting rights in the UK.
Suffrajitsu became a powerful symbol of the suffragette movement, highlighting not only the women’s resolve and adaptability but also showcasing martial arts as a tool for empowerment. The combination of physical strength and determination demonstrated how women innovatively asserted themselves in their fight for equality, breaking traditional gender norms.
World War II Combatives
During World War II, the UK military developed specialized close-quarters combat (CQC) techniques that became crucial for soldiers engaged in various combat environments. This era led to the creation of effective systems such as British Commando Knife Fighting, which emphasized simplicity, efficiency, and speed. These techniques were tailored to allow soldiers to learn and apply them quickly under pressure, incorporating knives, bayonets, and hand-to-hand combat skills suited for trench warfare, urban battles, and jungle fighting.
The focus on practical application ensured that these CQC methods were accessible, providing soldiers with the skills needed to respond effectively in life-and-death situations. Today, the combatives developed during this period are still studied and taught by military organizations and martial arts schools worldwide, contributing to the evolution of modern martial arts and close-quarters combat systems that blend practical techniques with martial discipline.
Boxing in the UK
Bare-knuckle Boxing
Bare-knuckle boxing is the original form of boxing, performed without gloves and relying primarily on fists to strike the opponent’s head and body. Prominent during the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in the UK and US, it was closely tied to the working class and the world of underground fighting circuits. Known for its brutality and higher risk of injury, these fights typically featured longer rounds and allowed both striking and grappling techniques, though there was minimal regulation. Governed loosely by the London Prize Ring Rules, which prohibited striking a downed opponent, bare-knuckle boxing bouts were often associated with gambling and informal organization, adding to their gritty, underground appeal.
English Prizefighting in the 18th and early 19th centuries was a brutal and unregulated sport where fighters engaged in bare-knuckle bouts with few, if any, formal rules, often leading to long and violent contests.
By the mid to late 19th century, rising public concern over the violence and disorderly nature of bare-knuckle boxing, coupled with growing demand for a more respectable and organized sport, led to its decline. The last major world heavyweight championship under bare-knuckle rules was held in 1889, with John L. Sullivan claiming victory as the champion. Though it remained banned for many years due to its violent nature, bare-knuckle boxing has experienced a resurgence in the 21st century, particularly in the UK, where several promotions now organize events. This renewed interest has brought bare-knuckle boxing back as a distinct, though still controversial, form of combat, reconnecting fans with its historical roots while adapting it for a modern audience.
Regulated Boxing
In the mid-19th century, boxing began to transition from the brutal, underground world of bare-knuckle prizefighting, as societal attitudes toward violence shifted. Public demand for a more regulated and controlled sport grew, leading to the introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules. These rules required fighters to wear padded gloves, introduced timed rounds, and prohibited unsafe tactics like hitting below the belt, marking a significant turning point for the sport. The new rules helped move boxing from a violent, unregulated spectacle to a more organized, safer competition.
Regulated Boxing in England was transformed by the introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules in 1867, which mandated the use of gloves, timed rounds, and prohibited certain dangerous techniques, creating the safer and more regulated sport it is today.
This evolution, largely driven by the UK, laid the foundation for modern boxing, with the implementation of safety measures and structure. As a result, boxing gained legitimacy, increasing public acceptance and paving the way for the development of today’s professional and amateur boxing systems. This shift helped boxing gain traction not only in the UK but on an international scale, establishing it as a respected sport.
Marquis of Queensberry Rules:
A summary of the main points from the Marquis of Queensberry Rules:
- Use of Gloves: Boxers must wear padded gloves, which replaced bare-knuckle fighting, reducing hand injuries and facial damage.
- Round Structure: Fights are divided into three-minute rounds with one-minute rest periods between each round. This structure allows boxers to recover and encourages more strategic fighting.
- Ring Size: The ring must be a 24 square-foot area surrounded by ropes, providing a standardized fighting space.
- Knockdown Rule: A fighter who is knocked down has a count of ten to stand up unaided. Failure to do so results in a knockout loss. If a fighter is knocked out of the ring, they have 30 seconds to re-enter without assistance.
- No Wrestling Holds: Wrestling, hugging, or holding the opponent is prohibited, ensuring that boxing remains focused on striking and defense.
- Fair Play: No hitting below the belt, biting, gouging, or other foul play is allowed. Hits must be made above the belt, and hitting with the head, forearm, or elbow is forbidden.
- Referee Supervision: A referee oversees the fight to ensure the rules are followed and can stop the match if necessary for safety reasons.
- Winning Criteria: A bout can be decided by a knockout, or by points if no knockout occurs by the end of the scheduled rounds.
These rules helped transform boxing into a regulated sport, laying the foundation for modern professional boxing.
English Wrestling
English wrestling styles reflect a rich and diverse heritage, deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of the nation. Rooted in centuries of tradition, these grappling arts encompass various techniques and philosophies that mirror the social and historical contexts of their regions. From the competitive bouts of folk wrestling at village fairs to the more formalized practices seen in modern sports, English wrestling has evolved while retaining core principles of strength, technique, and adaptability. Although its popularity has waned, elements of English folk wrestling have significantly influenced styles like professional wrestling and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.
English catch wrestling, with its origins in the folk wrestling traditions of early modern England, emphasizes throws and holds, showcasing the adaptability and technical prowess of traditional English grappling.
Styles of English Wrestling
Click on the links below for more on English Wrestling Styles.
Cumberland and Westmorland Wrestling:
Hailing from the counties of Cumberland and Westmorland, this style emphasizes trips, throws, and holds. Wrestlers aim to throw their opponents to the ground while maintaining control.
Cornish Wrestling:
Specific to Cornwall, this style involves grabbing an opponent’s jacket and trouser in order to throw them onto the ground. It has similarities to other folk wrestling styles but features its own unique techniques.
Devonshire Wrestling:
Originating in Devon, this style incorporates elements of Cornish wrestling. Wrestlers aim to throw their opponents onto their back using various grips and techniques.
Backhold Wrestling:
Found in various parts of England, including the North, this style involves competitors gripping each other around the waist or shoulders and attempting to throw their opponent to the ground.
Grapper:
This style comes from Lancashire and involves participants wearing special jackets with handles that are used to grip and throw opponents.
Northumberland Wrestling:
Practiced in Northumberland, this style combines elements of other regional styles, incorporating throws, trips, and holds.
All-In Wrestling:
A more theatrical and entertainment-oriented style, All-In wrestling gained popularity in the 19th century and contributed to the development of modern professional wrestling.
Shin-kicking
Shin-kicking, known as “Puritan wrestling,” is a traditional English folk sport with roots in the Cotswold region, prominently featured in the Cotswold Olimpick Games. Although it is not classified as a martial art, shin-kicking has a rich history, historically practiced for both entertainment and competition in rural communities. Competitors wear heavy boots and protective leg armor and aim to knock their opponents to the ground by striking their shins. The sport is characterized by its roughness and physical demands, often making it a painful yet spirited activity.
Today, shin-kicking is celebrated as part of England’s cultural heritage, with annual competitions held in the Cotswolds, drawing participants and spectators alike. This unique sport continues to preserve its place in English folk tradition.
Shin-kicking, more a spirited contest than a martial art, is a traditional sport from the Cotswolds known for its fun and robust nature at local festivals.
Discussion - Legacy vs Legitimacy
European martial arts offer a glimpse into the rich tapestry of combat traditions rooted in centuries of warfare and cultural evolution. These arts are not merely fighting techniques; they embody the history and values of the societies from which they emerged.
Legacy
Striking and grappling traditions in Europe have evolved significantly over centuries, reflecting the continent’s diverse cultural landscape. Boxing, initially associated with bare-knuckle fighting, transitioned into regulated forms with the introduction of formal rules. Meanwhile, grappling has seen the emergence of various regional styles, each characterized by unique techniques and cultural significance. Together, these combat sports have played pivotal roles in shaping modern martial arts and continue to influence contemporary practices.
Modern European martial systems such as Savate, Sambo, and Canne Italiana reflect the evolution of combat arts in response to contemporary needs while honouring their historical roots. These disciplines adapt to modern self-defense and competition, showcasing how traditional practices can thrive in today’s martial landscape.
Restored fighting systems like HEMA and Pankration (above) have stirred debates on their modern relevance and authenticity, drawing criticism for relying on reconstructed techniques from ancient texts/drawings and sparking discussions about their true practicality versus their role in preserving martial heritage and cultural nostalgia.
Legitimacy?
With regards to restored fighting systems (such as HEMA and Pankration) they have sparked debates about their authenticity and relevance in modern martial arts. Critics argue that these disciplines often rely on reconstructed techniques from historical texts, raising questions about their practical application and legitimacy compared to continuous martial traditions. While they may seem to capitalize on cultural nostalgia, these revived arts play a crucial role in preserving and celebrating rich cultural heritage, ensuring that historical martial traditions remain alive for future generations. Despite concerns regarding their practicality in self-defense or street fighting, preserving these ancient combat arts is vital. Much like Kendo and Wushu, which emphasize tradition, form, and personal growth over immediate combat efficacy, European martial arts serve as a bridge to the past, providing valuable insights into historical combat while maintaining the spirit and philosophy of their origins.
To conclude, European martial arts encompass a diverse array of combat traditions that reflect the continent’s rich cultural heritage and historical evolution. Collectively, these traditions not only offer insights into historical combat but also serve as a testament to the enduring spirit of martial practice across Europe, ensuring that these valuable cultural legacies continue to thrive for future generations.
Appendix - The Art of War
The evolution of European combat is a story of adaptation, resilience, and innovation. From the disciplined ranks of the Roman legions to the ferocious Viking raids, and from the intricate swordsmanship of the Renaissance to the gunpowder revolution, Europe’s martial traditions have continuously evolved in response to shifting battlefield tactics, technological advancements, and cultural changes. This chronological exploration delves into the key periods that shaped European combat, offering insights into how historical events and societal needs forged the diverse combat systems we recognise today.
The Roman Empire
The Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD) heavily influenced European combat systems. Roman legions perfected disciplined and systematic fighting techniques, with the Gladius and Scutum central to their military strategy. The Roman approach to warfare, including the gladiatorial games, left a lasting impact on European martial traditions, serving as a foundation for future combat styles developed in medieval Europe.
Gladiatorial combat in ancient Rome influenced European combat systems by showcasing structured training, weapon handling, and tactical styles that later shaped medieval swordsmanship and dueling traditions.
The Viking Age
From the 8th to 11th centuries, Viking warriors shaped Northern European martial traditions through their use of the sword, axe, spear, and shield. Viking combat emphasised ferocity, swift strikes, and strong shield work, greatly influencing martial practices in the British Isles and beyond. Their raids and settlements contributed to the evolution of combat systems, particularly in Northern Europe.
Viking combat, characterized by the use of swords, axes, spears, and shields, influenced European martial systems by introducing aggressive, quick strikes, and strong shield work, which later shaped Northern European combat tactics, particularly in medieval warfare.
Medieval Combat
During the medieval period (5th to 15th centuries), European combat was shaped by the feudal system, with knights and warriors mastering martial skills to defend territories and maintain honour. Weapons like the longsword, spear, and polearm were key to battlefield tactics, often used alongside shields and heavy armour. Combat training focused on mounted warfare, sieges, and infantry tactics, with systems like the German School of Fencing developing refined swordsmanship techniques.
Medieval combat, centered around the use of swords, spears, polearms, and heavy armor, heavily influenced European combat systems by emphasizing mounted warfare, siege tactics, and the development of structured martial training for knights and infantry.
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (14th to 17th centuries) marked a shift towards more refined combat systems. The rapier became the weapon of choice for duelling and personal defence, reflecting an emphasis on finesse, precision, and status. Fencing schools emerged, advancing swordsmanship as both a practical skill and a symbol of social standing, with works like Fiore dei Liberi’s “Fior di Battaglia” playing a pivotal role in teaching comprehensive martial techniques.
Renaissance combat shifted toward refined, personal defense techniques like rapier fencing, emphasizing agility, precision, and dueling culture, with schools across Europe developing sophisticated martial arts that heavily influenced the future of European swordsmanship and self-defense.
The Gunpowder Era
The introduction of gunpowder in the late medieval period (15th to 17th centuries) revolutionised European warfare, reducing the importance of traditional swordsmanship. Firearms like muskets and pistols took centre stage, diminishing the role of knights and heavy armour. Martial training adapted with the integration of bayonets and cavalry sabres, though duelling with pistols continued to preserve personal combat traditions.
The introduction of gunpowder reduced the importance of traditional swordsmanship and heavy armour. It shifted European combat towards bayonets and sabres, with hand-to-hand techniques adapting to the realities of firearm-dominated battlefields.
The Duelling Culture
By the 17th and 18th centuries, duelling had become widespread among European nobility. Combat was no longer strictly military but also a matter of honour, often settled with swords, pistols, or smallswords. Fencing schools formalised rules for engagement, with the French School of Fencing becoming especially influential. Duelling practices refined combat techniques, focusing on footwork, precision, and mental discipline.
Duelling culture in Europe was historically a means of settling matters of honor among the nobility, often with swords or pistols, emphasizing personal bravery and skill.
The Napoleonic Era
The Napoleonic Wars (late 18th to early 19th centuries) brought further advancements in military combat, particularly in the use of the sabres by cavalry units. The period also saw a refinement of bayonet combat, blending fencing techniques with battlefield tactics. These developments influenced fencing across Europe, combining traditional martial training with new military requirements.
During the Napoleonic era, hand-to-hand combat emphasized the strategic use of bayonets and sabres, reflecting the intense close-quarter battles typified by elite units such as Napoleon’s Old Guard (above).
World War II
World War II (1939–1945) introduced a new approach to close-quarters combat (CQB), with systems like Defendu teaching soldiers practical, effective hand-to-hand techniques that combined elements of boxing, wrestling, and jiu-jitsu. Combat systems were streamlined to be learned quickly and applied under the high-stress conditions of urban warfare, jungle fighting, and trench combat, influencing modern self-defence techniques.
World War II-era CQB focused on pragmatic, efficient combat techniques, crucial for both military and civilian defense during the war.
Post-War Period
Following World War II, the Cold War period (mid-20th century) saw a resurgence of martial arts influenced by military needs and the rise of Asian martial arts like judo and karate in Europe. Combat systems like Sambo emerged in Russia, blending native wrestling with judo, while martial arts became formalised as sports, shaping modern European martial traditions.
Post-World War II era, Europe saw the introduction of Asian martial arts like judo and karate. This period saw significant growth in martial arts training. The Budokwai in London (above) was Europe’s first club to teach Japanese martial arts, starting (pre-WWII) in 1918!
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