The preparation of pankratiasts included a very wide variety of methods. Many of these would still be immediately recognizable by the trainers of modern combat sports trainers. These methods included among others the periodization of training; exercises for the development of strength, speed-strength, speed, stamina, and endurance; specialized training for the different stages of competition anō pankration (standup fighting) and katō pankration (grappling on the floor). There also appear to be drills and methods to help fighters learn and remember techniques. Some of these methods include something akin to Eastern martial arts forms or kata. These methods were known as cheironomia (χειρονομία) and anapale (ἀναπάλη). For conditioning purposes, punching bags (kōrykos κώρυκος, basically filled, leather sacks) of different sizes and dummies were used. This striking practice would assist in the hardening of the fighter’s body and limbs. Nutrition, massage, and other recovery techniques were used very actively by pankratiasts.